1932

Abstract

The term intersectionality references the critical insight that race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but rather as reciprocally constructing phenomena. Despite this general consensus, definitions of what counts as intersectionality are far from clear. In this article, I analyze intersectionality as a knowledge project whose raison d'être lies in its attentiveness to power relations and social inequalities. I examine three interdependent sets of concerns: () intersectionality as a field of study that is situated within the power relations that it studies; () intersectionality as an analytical strategy that provides new angles of vision on social phenomena; and () intersectionality as critical praxis that informs social justice projects.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142
2015-08-14
2024-06-11
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/soc/41/1/annurev-soc-073014-112142.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Acker J. 1999. Rewriting class, race, and gender: problems in feminist rethinking. Revisioning Gender MM Ferree, J Lorber, BB Hess 44–69 Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage [Google Scholar]
  2. Alexander MJ. 1997. Erotic autonomy as a politics of decolonization: an anatomy of feminist and state practice in the Bahamas tourist industry. Feminist Genealogies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures MJ Alexander, CT Mohanty 63–100 New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  3. Alexander MJ. 2005. Imperial desire/sexual utopias: white gay capital and transnational tourism. Pedagogies of Crossing: Meditations on Feminism, Sexual Politics, Memory, and the Sacred MJ Alexander 66–88 Durham, NC: Duke University Press [Google Scholar]
  4. Alexander-Floyd NG. 2012. Disappearing acts: reclaiming intersectionality in the social sciences in a post-black feminist era. Fem. Formations 24:1–25 [Google Scholar]
  5. Alinia M. 2013. Honor and Violence Against Women in Iraqi Kurdistan New York: Palgrave Macmillan [Google Scholar]
  6. Amott TL, Matthaei J. 1991. Race, Gender, and Work: A Multicultural Economic History of Women in the United States Boston: South End [Google Scholar]
  7. Andersen ML, Collins PH. 2012. Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology Belmont, CA: Wadsworth [Google Scholar]
  8. Anderson CD. 1996. Understanding the inequality problematic: from scholarly rhetoric to theoretical reconstruction. Gender Soc. 10:729–46 [Google Scholar]
  9. Anzaldúa G. 1987. Borderlands/La Frontera San Francisco: Spinsters/Aunt Lute Press [Google Scholar]
  10. Anzaldúa G, Moraga C. 1983. This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color Watertown, MA: Kitchen Table [Google Scholar]
  11. Balibar E. 2007. The Philosophy of Marx New York: Verso [Google Scholar]
  12. Berger M, Guidroz K. 2009. The Intersectional Approach: Transforming the Academy Through Race, Class, and Gender Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. North Carolina Press [Google Scholar]
  13. Berger PL, Luckmann T. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge New York: Anchor [Google Scholar]
  14. Bilge S. 2013. Intersectionality undone: saving intersectionality from feminist intersectionality studies. Du Bois Rev. 10:405–24 [Google Scholar]
  15. Bonilla-Silva E. 2003. Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States Lantham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield [Google Scholar]
  16. Bowleg L. 2008. When black + lesbian + woman ≠ black lesbian woman: the methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles 59:312–25 [Google Scholar]
  17. Brown MI, Carnoy M, Currie E, Duster T, Oppenheimer DB. et al. 2003. Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind Society Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press [Google Scholar]
  18. Browne I, Misra J. 2003. The intersection of gender and race in the labor market. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 29:487–513 [Google Scholar]
  19. Buss D. 2009. Sexual violence, ethnicity, and intersectionality in international criminal law. Intersectionality and Beyond: Law, Power and the Politics of Location D Cooper 105–23 New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  20. Carastathis A. 2013. Identity categories as potential coalitions. Signs 38:941–65 [Google Scholar]
  21. Carbado DW. 2013. Colorblind intersectionality. Signs 38:811–45 [Google Scholar]
  22. Carbado DW, Crenshaw K, Mays VM, Tomlinson B. 2013. Intersectionality: mapping the movements of a theory. Du Bois Rev. 10:302–12 [Google Scholar]
  23. Cho S, Crenshaw K, McCall L. 2013. Toward a field of intersectionality studies: theory, applications, and praxis. Signs 38:785–810 [Google Scholar]
  24. Choo HY, Ferree MM. 2010. Practicing intersectionality in sociological research: a critical analysis of inclusions, interactions, and institutions in the study of inequalities. Sociol. Theory 28:129–49 [Google Scholar]
  25. Clay A. 2012. The Hip-Hop Generation Fights Back: Youth, Activism, and Post-Civil Rights Politics New York: New York Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  26. Collins PH. 1998a. Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press [Google Scholar]
  27. Collins PH. 1998b. The tie that binds: race, gender and U.S. violence. Ethn. Racial Stud. 21:918–38 [Google Scholar]
  28. Collins PH. 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  29. Collins PH. 2007. Pushing the boundaries or business as usual? Race, class, and gender studies and sociological inquiry. Sociology in America: A History C Calhoun 572–604 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  30. Collins PH. 2010. The new politics of community. Am. Sociol. Rev. 75:7–30 [Google Scholar]
  31. Collins PH. 2012. On Intellectual Activism Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  32. Collins PH, Chepp V. 2013. Intersectionality. Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics L Weldon 31–61 New York: Oxford [Google Scholar]
  33. Combahee River Collective 1995. A black feminist statement. Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought B Guy-Sheftall 232–40 New York: The New Press [Google Scholar]
  34. Cooper AJ. 1892. A Voice from the South; By a Black Woman of the South Xenia, OH: Aldine [Google Scholar]
  35. Crenshaw KW. 1991. Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Rev. 43:1241–99 [Google Scholar]
  36. Davis AY. 1981. Women, Race, and Class New York: Random House [Google Scholar]
  37. Davis AY. 2012. The Meaning of Freedom and Other Difficult Dialogues San Francisco: City Lights Books [Google Scholar]
  38. Delgado R, Stefancic J. 2013. Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  39. Dill BT. 2009. Intersections, identities, and inequalities in higher education. See Dill & Zambrana 2009 229–52
  40. Dill BT, Zambrana R. 2009. Emerging Intersections: Race, Class, and Gender in Theory, Policy, and Practice New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  41. Dotson K. 2013. Conceptualizing epistemic oppression. Soc. Epistemol. 14:1–23 [Google Scholar]
  42. Duffy M. 2007. Doing the dirty work: gender, race and reproductive labor in historical perspective. Gender Soc. 21:313–36 [Google Scholar]
  43. Duster T. 2015. A post-genomic surprise: the molecular reinscription of race in science, law and medicine. Br. J. Sociol. 661–27 [Google Scholar]
  44. Fonow MM, Cook JA. 2005. Feminist methodology: new applications in the academy and public policy. Signs 30:2211–30 [Google Scholar]
  45. Foucault M. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977 New York: Pantheon [Google Scholar]
  46. Freeman M. 2011. Human Rights London: Polity [Google Scholar]
  47. Glenn EN. 2002. Unequal Freedom: How Race and Gender Shaped American Citizenship and Labor Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  48. Goldberg DT. 2002. The Racial State Malden, MA: Blackwell [Google Scholar]
  49. Goldberg SB. 2009. Intersectionality in theory and practice. Intersectionality and Beyond: Law, Power and the Politics of Location D Cooper 124–58 New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  50. Grossberg L. 1996. On postmodernism and articulation: an interview with Stuart Hall. Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies D Morley, K-H Chen 131–50 New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  51. Grzanka PR. 2014. Intersectionality: A Foundations and Frontiers Reader Boulder, CO: Westview [Google Scholar]
  52. Guidroz K, Berger MT. 2009. A conversation with founding scholars of intersectionality: Kimberlé Crenshaw, Nira Yuval-Davis, and Michelle Fine. The Intersectional Approach: Transforming the Academy Through Race, Class and Gender K Guidroz, M Berger 61–78 Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. North Carolina Press [Google Scholar]
  53. Hancock A-M. 2007a. Intersectionality as a normative and empirical paradigm. Polit. Gender 3:248–55 [Google Scholar]
  54. Hancock A-M. 2007b. When multiplication doesn't equal quick addition: examining intersectionality as a research paradigm. Perspect. Polit. 5:63–79 [Google Scholar]
  55. Hankivsky O. 2012. An Intersectionality-Based Policy Analysis Framework Vancouver, BC: Inst. Intersect. Res. Policy, Simon Fraser Univ. [Google Scholar]
  56. Harrison AK. 2009. Hip Hop Underground: The Integrity and Ethics of Racial Identification Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  57. Hondagneu-Sotelo P. 2001. Domestica: Immigrant Workers Cleaning and Caring in the Shadow of Affluence Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press [Google Scholar]
  58. Kelley RDG. 2002. Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination Boston: Beacon [Google Scholar]
  59. Kim-Puri HJ. 2005. Conceptualizing gender-sexuality-state-nation: an introduction. Gender Soc. 19:137–59 [Google Scholar]
  60. Knapp G-A. 2005. Race, class, gender: reclaiming baggage in fast travelling theories. Eur. J. Women's Stud. 12:249–65 [Google Scholar]
  61. Lamont M, Molnár V. 2002. The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 28:167–95 [Google Scholar]
  62. Lewis G. 2013. Unsafe travel: experiencing intersectionality and feminist displacements. Signs 38:869–92 [Google Scholar]
  63. Lorde A. 1984. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches Freedom, CA: Crossing Press [Google Scholar]
  64. Lutz H, Vivar MTH, Supik L. 2011. Framing Intersectionality: Debates on a Multi-Faceted Concept in Gender Studies Surrey, UK: Ashgate [Google Scholar]
  65. Lykke N. 2011. Intersectional analysis: black box or useful critical feminist thinking technology?. See Lutz et al. 2011 207–20
  66. Mannheim K. 1954. Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge New York: Harcourt, Brace & World [Google Scholar]
  67. Matsuda MJ, Lawrence C III, Delgado R, Crenshaw K. 1993. Words that Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment Boulder, CO: Westview [Google Scholar]
  68. McCall L. 2005. The complexity of intersectionality. Signs 30:1771–800 [Google Scholar]
  69. Mohanty CT. 2013. Transnational feminist crossings: on neoliberalism and radical critique. Signs 38:967–91 [Google Scholar]
  70. Morley D, Chen K-H. 1996. Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  71. Morrison T. 1970. The Bluest Eye New York: Vintage Books [Google Scholar]
  72. Morrison T. 1987. Beloved New York: Knopf [Google Scholar]
  73. Morrison T. 1992. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  74. Mosse GL. 1985. Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe New York: H. Fertig [Google Scholar]
  75. Nagel J. 1998. Masculinity and nationalism: gender and sexuality in the making of nations. Ethn. Racial Stud. 21:242–69 [Google Scholar]
  76. Nash JC. 2008. Rethinking intersectionality. Fem. Rev. 89:1–15 [Google Scholar]
  77. Omi M, Winant H. 2014 (1994). Racial Formation in the United States New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  78. Parker J, Samantrai R. 2010. Interdisciplinarity and social justice: an introduction. See Parker et al. 2010 1–33
  79. Parker J, Samantrai R, Romero M. 2010. Interdisciplinarity and Social Justice: Revisioning Academic Accountability Albany: SUNY Press [Google Scholar]
  80. Peterson VS. 2007. Thinking through intersectionality and war. Race Gender Class 14:10–27 [Google Scholar]
  81. Ramos-Zayas. 2003. National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  82. Roberts D, Jesudason S. 2013. Movement intersectionality: the case of race, gender, disability, and genetic technologies. Du Bois Rev. 10:313–28 [Google Scholar]
  83. Roth B. 2004. Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave New York: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  84. Said EW. 1983. The World, the Text, and the Critic Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  85. Sandoval C. 2000. Methodology of the Oppressed Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press [Google Scholar]
  86. Schutz A, Sandy MG. 2011. Collective Action for Social Change: An Introduction to Community Organizing New York: Palgrave Macmillan [Google Scholar]
  87. Steinbugler AC, Press JE, Dias JJ. 2006. Gender, race and affirmative action: operationalizing intersectionality in survey research. Gender Soc. 20:805–25 [Google Scholar]
  88. Swidler A, Arditi J. 1994. The new sociology of knowledge. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 20:305–29 [Google Scholar]
  89. Taylor V. 1989. Social movement continuity: the women's movements in abeyance. Am. Sociol. Rev. 54:761–75 [Google Scholar]
  90. Tomaskovic-Devey D. 2014. The relational generation of workplace inequalities. Soc. Curr. 1:51–73 [Google Scholar]
  91. Tomlinson B. 2013. To tell the truth and not get trapped: desire, distance, and intersectionality at the scene of argument. Signs 38:993–1017 [Google Scholar]
  92. Valk AM. 2008. Radical Sisters: Second-Wave Feminism and Black Liberation in Washington, D.C. Urbana: Univ. Illinois Press [Google Scholar]
  93. Walby S. 2007. Complexity theory, systems theory, and multiple intersecting social inequalities. Philos. Soc. Sci. 37:449–70 [Google Scholar]
  94. Walia H. 2013. Undoing Border Imperialism Oakland, CA: AK Press [Google Scholar]
  95. Weber L. 1998. A conceptual framework for understanding race, class, gender, and sexuality. Psychol. Women Q. 22:13–32 [Google Scholar]
  96. Wells-Barnett IB. 2002. On Lynchings Amherst, NY: Humanity Books [Google Scholar]
  97. Wingfield AH, Alston RS. 2012. The understudied case of black professional men: advocating an intersectional approach. Sociol. Compass 6:728–39 [Google Scholar]
  98. Yuval-Davis N. 1997. Gender and Nation Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage [Google Scholar]
  99. Yuval-Davis N. 2006. Intersectionality and feminist politics. Eur. J. Women's Stud. 13:193–210 [Google Scholar]
  100. Yuval-Davis N. 2011. The Politics of Belonging: Intersectional Contestations London: Sage [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error