1932

Abstract

This article provides a critical review of archaeological research that addresses race and racism in Chinese American communities. Future directions for Chinese diaspora archaeologies include employing an Asian American studies praxis that centers community-engaged research, using diasporic frameworks, and applying emic language to naming material culture and identities. Other innovative archaeological scholarship on the racialization of Chinese Americans reframes Chinese American communities as part of larger multiethnic neighborhoods, highlights gender and sexuality, and traces the transpacific connections of Chinese transmigrants. The interventions outlined provide archaeologists who are engaged in the study of the Chinese American past with the pathways needed to begin practicing antiracist Chinese diaspora archaeologies.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-014548
2022-10-24
2024-07-03
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/anthro/51/1/annurev-anthro-041320-014548.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-014548&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Agbe-Davies AS. 2022. African American archaeology, for now. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 51:34563
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Allen R, Baxter RS, Medin A, Costello JG, Yu CY, Cleland J 2002. Excavation of the Woolen Mills Chinatown, CA-SCL-807H, San Jose. Rep., Past Forward, Richmond, CA; EDAW, Inc., San Diego, CA:; Calif. Dep. Transp., Dist. 4, Oakland, CA
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ancheta AN. 2006. Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Anderson K. 1991. Vancouver's Chinatown: Racial Discourse in Canada, 1875–1980 Montreal: McGill–Queen's Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Arbor. Chin. Labor Quart. Proj 2018. Arboretum Chinese Labor Quartersa collaborative, community-based archaeology project about the history of Chinese workers at Stanford Exhib., Stanford Univ. Arbor. Stanford, CA: https://web.stanford.edu/dept/anthropology/cgi-bin/chineselaborquarters/
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Atalay S. 2012. Community-Based Archaeology: Research with, by, and for Indigenous and Local Communities Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Barna B 2015. Ranch as ‘Ohana: the role of ranching station households in the formation of the Hawaiian ranching community. Beyond the Walls: New Perspectives on the Archaeology of Historical Households KR Fogle, JA Nyman, MC Beaudry 97–120 Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Battle-Baptiste W. 2011. Black Feminist Archaeology Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Blakey ML. 2020. Archaeology under the blinding light of race. Curr. Anthropol. 61:TS183–97
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Boileau J. 2017. Chinese Market Gardening in Australia and New Zealand: Gardens of Prosperity Cham, Switz: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bonilla-Silva E, Zuberi T 2008. Toward a definition of white logic and white methods. White Logic, White Methods: Racism and Methodology T Zuberi, E Bonilla-Silva 3–27 Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Boyd NA. 2003. Wide Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Brunache P. 2019. Mainstreaming African diasporic foodways when academia is not enough. Transform. Anthropol. 27:2149–63
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Byrne D. 2016. Heritage corridors: transnational flows and the built environment of migration. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 42:142360–78
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Chang GH, Fishkin SF, eds. 2019. The Chinese and the Iron Road Building the Transcontinental Railroad Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Cheng W. 2013. The Changs Next Door to the Díazes: Remapping Race in Suburban California Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Chin D. 2009. Seattle's International District: The Making of a Pan-Asian American Community Seattle: Int. Exam. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Cho J dir 2004. Revisiting East Adams Video, 26 min. 42 s, Chinese Hist. Soc. S. Calif, Los Angeles. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjITNdQyWHw
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Choy PP. 2014. Interpreting “Overseas Chinese” ceramics found on historical archaeology sites: manufacture, marks, classification, and social use SHA Res. Resour., Soc. Hist. Archaeol. Germantown, MD: https://sha.org/resources/chinese-ceramics/
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Chung SF, Frampton FP, Murphy TW 2005. Venerate these bones: Chinese American funerary and burial practices as seen in Carlin, Elko County, Nevada. Chinese American Death Rituals: Respecting the Ancestors SF Chung, P Wegars 107–45 Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press
    [Google Scholar]
  21. City of Boston 2020. Chinatown–6 Hudson Street. City of Boston https://www.boston.gov/departments/archaeology/chinatown-6-hudson-street
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Collins PH. 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Colwell-Chanthaphonh C, Ferguson TJ, eds. 2008. Collaboration in Archaeological Practice: Engaging Descendant Communities Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Costello JG, Hallaran K, Warren K, Akin M 1998. Rice bowls in the Delta: artifacts recovered from the 1915 Asian community of Walnut Grove, California. Occas. Pap. 16, Inst. Archaeol., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles:
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Crenshaw K. 1989. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. Univ. Chicago Leg. Forum 1989:1139–67
    [Google Scholar]
  26. d'Alpoim Guedes J, Gonzalez S, Rivera-Collazo I 2021. Resistance and care in the time of COVID-19: archaeology in 2020. Am. Anthropol. 123:4898–915
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Delgado R, Stefancic J. 2017. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction New York: NYU Press
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Du Bois WEB 1897. Strivings of the Negro people. Atlantic Aug. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1897/08/strivings-of-the-negro-people/305446/
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Epperson TW. 2004. Critical race theory and the archaeology of the African Diaspora. Hist. Archaeol. 38:1101–8
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Flewellen AO, Dunnavant JP, Odewale A, Jones A, Wolde-Michael T et al. 2021.. “ The future of archaeology is antiracist”: archaeology in the time of Black Lives Matter. Am. Antiq. 86:222443
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Fong K, Lai C. 2015. Lessons from ethnic studies: collaborative directions for Asian American historical archaeology. The Oxford Handbook of Historical Archaeology J Symonds, V-P Herva Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199562350.013.16
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  32. Fong KN. 2005. Archaeology and the “rat-eating Chine”: the role of stereotype in Chinese American site analyses. Sr. Honor. Thesis, Dep. Anthropol., Univ. Calif. Berkeley:
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Fong KN. 2013. Excavating Chinese America in the Delta: race and the historical archaeology of the Isleton Chinese American community PhD Diss., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles:
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Fong KN. 2020. Toward engaged and critical archaeologies of the Chinese diaspora. See Rose & Kennedy 2020 59–82
  35. Franklin M. 1997. Why are there so few Black American archaeologists?. Antiquity 71:274799801
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Franklin M. 2001. A Black feminist-inspired archaeology?. J. Soc. Archaeol. 1:1108–25
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Franklin M, Lee N. 2020. African American descendants, community outreach, and the Ransom and Sarah Williams Farmstead Project. J. Commun. Archaeol. Herit. 7:2135–48
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Freire P. 1970. Pedagogy of the Oppressed transl. MB Ramos New York: Continuum
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Fuentes E. 2011. Buried history of Riverside's Chinese immigrants threatened by development. KCET July 13. https://www.kcet.org/socal-focus/buried-history-of-riversides-chinese-immigrants-threatened-by-development
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Gonzalez SL, Kretzler I, Edwards B. 2018. Imagining Indigenous and archaeological futures: building capacity with the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. Archaeologies 14:185–114
    [Google Scholar]
  41. González-Tennant E. 2011. Creating a diasporic archaeology of Chinese migration: tentative steps across four continents. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 15:3509–32
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Gust SM, Glover A, Houck K. 2007. The Historic Los Angeles Cemetery (CA-LAN-3553), Los Angeles Metro Gold Line Project, East Portal Area, Los Angeles, CA. Fin. Summ. Rep., Cogstone Res. Manag.. Santa Ana, CA:
  43. Ha T-H. 2018. Bilingual authors are challenging the practice of italicizing non-English words. Quartz June 24. https://qz.com/quartzy/1310228/bilingual-authors-are-challenging-the-practice-of-italicizing-non-english-words/
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Heath-Stout LE. 2020. Who writes about archaeology? An intersectional study of authorship in archaeological journals. Am. Antiq. 85:3407–26
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Hsu MY. 2000. Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and South China, 1882–1943 Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Hsu MY. 2015. The Good Immigrants: How the Yellow Peril Became the Model Minority Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Hu-DeHart E. 2005. Concluding commentary: On migration, diasporas, and transnationalism in Asian American history. J. Asian Am. Stud. 8:330912
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Hu-DeHart E. 2015. Diaspora. Keywords for Asian American Studies CJ Schlund-Vials, LT Võ, KS Wong 4954. New York: NYU Press
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Ike N, Miller G, Omoni Hartemann G 2020. Anti-racist archaeology: Your time is now. SAA Archaeol. Rec. 20:41216
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Kim CJ. 1999. The racial triangulation of Asian Americans. Polit. Soc. 27:1105–38
    [Google Scholar]
  51. King MT. 2020. Say no to bat fried rice: changing the narrative of coronavirus and Chinese food. Food Foodways 28:3237–49
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Ko J. 2021. Remembering Qijiaping, forgetting Qijiaping: archaeological experience as shared heritage. Bull. Mus. Far East. Antiq. 82:1–48
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Kraus-Friedberg C. 2008. Transnational identity and mortuary material culture: the Chinese Plantation Cemetery in Pahala, Hawai'i. Hist. Archaeol. 42:312335
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Kurashige S. 2008. The Shifting Grounds of Race: Black and Japanese Americans in the Making of Multiethnic Los Angeles Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  55. La Roche CJ, Blakey ML 1997. Seizing intellectual power: the dialogue at the New York African Burial Ground. Hist. Archaeol. 31:384–106
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Lai C. 2006. Between “blight” and a new world: urban renewal, political mobilization, and the production of spatial scale in San Francisco, 1940–1980. PhD Diss., Dep. Ethnic Stud., Univ. Calif. Berkeley:
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Lee AW. 2001. Picturing Chinatown: Art and Orientalism in San Francisco Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Lee C 2005. Diaspora, transnationalism, and Asian American studies: positions and debates. Displacements and Diasporas: Asians in the Americas WW Anderson, RG Lee 23–38 New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Lee E. 2005. Orientalisms in the Americas: a hemispheric approach to Asian American history. J. Asian Am. Stud. 8:323556
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Lee E. 2015. The Making of Asian America: A History New York: Simon & Schuster
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Lee J. 2020. Small town and mining camps: an analysis of Chinese diasporic communities in 19th-century Oregon MA Thesis, Univ. Mass. Boston:
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Lee RG. 2017. Red turbans in the Trinity Alps: violence, popular religion, and diasporic memory in nineteenth-century Chinese America. J. Transnatl. Am. Stud. 8:1 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4ws0q631
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Liu J 劉進, Li W 李文照 2011. Yinxin yu Wuyi qiaoxiang shehui 銀信與五邑僑鄉社會. [Yinxin and the Wuyi Qiaoxiang Society] transl. Z Tian 田在原, H Zhao 趙寒松 Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Press
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Lowe L 2006. The intimacies of four continents. Haunted by Empire: Geographies of Intimacy in North American History AL Stoler 191212. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Lowman CB. 2019. Imagined Asia: archaeology and museum anthropology of the Chinese diaspora and the Ainu PhD Diss., Univ. Calif. Berkeley:
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Lowman CB. 2020. Memory and masculinity at the Arboretum Chinese quarters. Archaeol. Pap. Am. Anthropol. Assoc. 31:12235
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Lui MTY. 2005. The Chinatown Trunk Mystery: Murder, Miscegenation, and Other Dangerous Encounters in Turn-of-the-Century New York City Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Mabalon DB. 2013. Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Mack ME, Blakey ML. 2004. The New York African Burial Ground project: past biases, current dilemmas, and future research opportunities. Hist. Archaeol. 38:11017
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Magalong MG, Mabalon DB. 2016. Cultural preservation policy and Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: reimagining historic preservation in Asian American and Pacific Islander communities. AAPI Nexus 14:2105–16
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Massey S, Shew DO, Praetzellis A. 2013. Down to the last grain of rice: Japantown Senior Apartments San José Archaeol. Investig. Fin. Tech. Rep., Anthropol. Stud. Cent., Sonoma State Univ. Rohnert Park, CA:
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Mazumdar S. 1996. Through Western eyes: discovering Chinese women in America. A New Significance: Re-Envisioning the History of the American West CA Milner II 15867. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  73. McKeown A. 2001. Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, and Hawaii, 1900–1936 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Molina N. 2006. Fit to Be Citizens? Public Health and Race in Los Angeles, 1879–1939 Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Morris A. 2017. Materialities of homeplace. Hist. Archaeol. 51:128–42
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Naruta AN. 2006. Creating whiteness in California: racialization processes, land, and policy in the context of California's Chinese exclusion movements, 1850–1910 PhD Diss., Dep. Anthropol., Univ. Calif. Berkeley:
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Ng LW. 2020. Between South China and Southern California: the formation of transnational Chinese communities. See Rose & Kennedy 2020 234–49
  78. Ng LW. 2021. An archaeology of Chinese transnationalism PhD Diss., Dep. Anthropol., Stanford Univ. Stanford, CA:
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Odo F 2017. Finding a Path Forward: Asian American Pacific Islander National Historic Landmarks Theme Study Washington, DC: Natl. Park Serv., US Gov. Publ. Off.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Omi M, Winant H. 1994. Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Orser CE Jr. 1999. The challenge of race to American historical archaeology. Am. Anthropol. 100:3661–68
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Orser CE Jr. 2007. The Archaeology of Race and Racialization in Historic America Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Pascoe P. 1990. Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the American West 1874–1939 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Peffer GA. 1999. If They Don't Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration before Exclusion Urbana: Univ. Ill. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Peterson V. 2019. Remembering the forgotten Chinese railroad workers. SAPIENS Aug. 22. https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/chinese-railroad-workers-utah/
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Pierson D. 2006. Reminders of bigotry unearthed; remains found at an MTA excavation site shed light on a time rife with anti-Chinese bias. LA Times Mar. 15
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Praetzellis A, Praetzellis M. 1998. A Connecticut merchant in Chinadom: a play in one act. Hist. Archaeol. 32:186–93
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Praetzellis M, Praetzellis A 2004. Putting the “there” there: historical archaeologies of West Oakland. Cypress Replace. Proj. Interpret. Rep. 2, Anthropol. Stud. Cent., Sonoma State Univ. Rohnert Park, CA:
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Quintana ISL. 2015. Making do, making home: borders and the worlds of Chinatown and Sonoratown in early twentieth-century Los Angeles. J. Urban Hist. 41:147–74
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Ritchie NA. 2003. Taking stock: 20 years of Australasian “Overseas Chinese archaeology. .” Australas. Hist. Archaeol. 21:410
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Rose C, Kennedy JR, eds. 2020. Chinese Diaspora: Archaeology in North America Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Ross DE. 2013. Overseas Chinese archaeology. Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology C Smith 567586. New York: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Ross DE. 2020. Reframing Overseas Chinese archaeology as archaeology of the Chinese diaspora. See Rose & Kennedy 2020 35–58
  94. Sagara MR. 2014. Riverside Chinatown for all. Chin. Am. Hist. Perspect. 2014:1–4
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Said EW. 1979. Orientalism New York: Vintage Books
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Sando RA, Felton DL 1993. Inventory records of ceramics and opium from a nineteenth century Chinese store in California. Hidden Heritage: Historical Archaeology of the Overseas Chinese P Wegars 15176. Amityville, NY: Baywood
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Shah N. 2001. Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco's Chinatown Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Shah N. 2011. Stranger Intimacy: Contesting Race, Sexuality, and the Law in the North American West Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Smith LT. 2012. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples New York: Zed Books
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Staski E 2009. Asian American studies in historical archaeology. International Handbook of Historical Archaeology T Majewski, D Gaimster 34759. New York: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Sunseri CK. 2015a. Alliance strategies in the racialized railroad economies of the American West. Hist. Archaeol. 49:185–99
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Sunseri CK. 2015b. Food politics of alliance in a California frontier Chinatown. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 19:2416–31
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Sunseri CK. 2020. Alliance Rises in the West: Labor, Race, and Solidarity in Industrial California Lincoln: Univ. Neb. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Tam GA. 2020. Dialect and Nationalism in China, 1860–1960 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Tan J 2013a. The culture of Lu Mansion architecture in China's Kaiping County, 1900–1949 PhD Diss., Univ. Hong Kong Hong Kong:
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Tan J 谭金花 2013b. Kaiping diaolou yu cunluo de jianzhu zhuangshi yanjiu 开平碉楼与村落的建筑装饰研究. [Research on the Ornamentation of Kaiping Diaolou and Its Associated Villages] Beijing: Overseas Chin. Publ. House
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Tchen JKW. 1999. New York before Chinatown: Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture, 1776–1882 Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Ting J 1995. Bachelor society: deviant heterosexuality and Asian American historiography. Privileging Positions: The Sites of Asian American Studies GY Okhiro, M Alquizola, DF Rony, WK Scott 27180. Pullman: Wash. State Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Tong B. 1994. Unsubmissive Women: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco Norman: Univ. Okla. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Trouillot M-R. 2015. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History Boston: Beacon Press
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Voss BL. 2005. The archaeology of Overseas Chinese communities. World Archaeol 37:342439
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Voss BL. 2008. Between the household and the world system: social collectivity and community agency in Overseas Chinese archaeology. Hist. Archaeol. 42:33752
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Voss BL. 2015. The historical experience of labor: archaeological contributions to interdisciplinary research on Chinese railroad workers. Hist. Archaeol. 49:1423
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Voss BL. 2018a. The archaeology of precarious lives: Chinese railroad workers in nineteenth-century North America. Curr. Anthropol. 59:3287313
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Voss BL. 2018b.. “ Every element of womanhood with which to make life a curse or blessing”: missionary women's accounts of Chinese American women's lives in nineteenth-century pre-exclusion California. J. Asian Am. Stud. 21:110534
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Voss BL. 2020. Interethnic relationships in nineteenth-century Chinatowns: new perspectives from archaeological research and missionary women's writings. See Rose & Kennedy 2020 10938
  117. Voss BL. 2021. Documenting cultures of harassment in archaeology: a review and analysis of quantitative and qualitative research studies. Am. Antiq. 86:224460
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Voss BL, Allen R 2008. Overseas Chinese archaeology: historical foundations, current reflections, and new directions. Hist. Archaeol. 42:35–28
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Voss BL, Kennedy JR, Tan JS, Ng LW. 2018. The archaeology of home: qiaoxiang and non-state actors in the archaeology of the Chinese diaspora. Am. Antiq. 83:340726
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Voss BL, Kwock AW, Yu CY, Gong-Guy L, Bray A et al. 2013. Market Street Chinatown Archaeology Project: ten years of community-based, collaborative research on San Jose's historic Chinese community. Chin. Am. Hist. Perspect. 2013:6374, 8586
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Wild M. 2005. Street Meeting: Multiethnic Neighborhoods in Early Twentieth-Century Los Angeles Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Williams B. 2008. Chinese masculinities and material culture. Hist. Archaeol. 42:35367
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Williams B, Voss BL. 2008. The archaeology of Chinese immigrant and Chinese American communities. Hist. Archaeol. 42:31–4
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Yu CY. 2001. Chinatown, San Jose, USA San José: Hist. San José, Chin. Hist. Cult. Proj.
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Yu H. 2001. Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern America Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Yu H 2011. The intermittent rhythms of the Cantonese Pacific. Connecting Seas and Connected Ocean Rims: Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and China Seas Migrations from the 1830s to the 1930s ed. DR Gabaccia, D Hoerder 393–414 Leiden, Neth: Brill
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Yung J. 1995. Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Yung J. 1999. Unbound Voices: A Documentary History of Chinese Women in San Francisco Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-014548
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error