1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
  4. Volume 61, 2023
  5. Article

Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 61, 2023

Galactic Dynamos

Abstract

Spiral galaxies, including the Milky Way, have large-scale magnetic fields with significant energy densities. The dominant theory attributes these magnetic fields to a large-scale dynamo. We review the current status of dynamo theory and discuss various numerical simulations designed either to explain particular aspects of the problem or to reproduce galactic magnetic fields globally. Our main conclusions can be summarized as follows:

  • ▪  Idealized direct numerical simulations produce mean magnetic fields, whose saturation energy density tends to decline with increasing magnetic Reynolds number. This is still an unsolved problem.
  • ▪  Large-scale galactic magnetic fields of microgauss strengths can probably be explained only if helical magnetic fields of small or moderate length scales can be rapidly ejected or destroyed.
  • ▪  Small-scale dynamos are important throughout a galaxy's life and probably provide strong seed fields at early stages.
  • ▪  The circumgalactic medium (CGM) may play an important role in driving dynamo action at small and large length scales. These interactions between the galactic disk and the CGM may provide important insights into our understanding of galactic dynamos.

We expect future research in galactic dynamos to focus on the cosmological history of galaxies and the interaction with the CGM as means of replacing the idealized boundary conditions used in earlier work.

Keyword(s): circumgalactic medium, large-scale magnetic fields, magnetic Reynolds number, Milky Way, spiral galaxies
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-071221-052807
2023-08-18
2024-07-03
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/astro/61/1/annurev-astro-071221-052807.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-071221-052807&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Ackermann M, Ajello M, Baldini L et al. 2018. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 237:232
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Alves Batista R, Saveliev A, de Gouveia Dal Pino EM 2019. MNRAS 489:33836–49
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Andrievsky A, Brandenburg A, Noullez A, Zheligovsky V. 2015. Ap. J. 811:135
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Arámburo-García A, Bondarenko K, Boyarsky A et al. 2021. MNRAS 505:45038–57
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Backus G. 1958. Ann. Phys. 4:4372–447
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Balbus SA, Hawley JF. 1991. Ap. J. 376:214
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Balsara DS, Kim J. 2004. Ap. J. 602:21079–90
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Baryshnikova I, Shukurov A, Ruzmaikin A, Sokoloff DD. 1987. Astron. Astrophys. 177:27–41
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Beck AM, Dolag K, Lesch H, Kronberg PP. 2013. MNRAS 435:43575–86
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Beck AM, Lesch H, Dolag K et al. 2012. MNRAS 422:32152–63
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Beck R. 2001. Space Sci. Rev. 99:243–60
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Beck R. 2012. Space Sci. Rev. 166:1–4215–30
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Beck R. 2015a. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 24:4
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Beck R. 2015b. Astron. Astrophys. 578:A93
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Beck R, Berkhuijsen EM, Gießübel R, Mulcahy DD. 2020. Astron. Astrophys. 633:A5
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Beck R, Bomans D, Colafrancesco S et al. 2015. Structure, dynamical impact and origin of magnetic fields in nearby galaxies in the SKA era Paper presented at Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array Sicily, Italy: June 8–13
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Beck R, Brandenburg A, Moss D, Shukurov A, Sokoloff D. 1996. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 34:155–206
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Beck R, Chamandy L, Elson E, Blackman EG. 2019. Galaxies 8:14
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Beck R, Poezd AD, Shukurov A, Sokoloff DD. 1994. Astron. Astrophys. 289:94–100
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Beck R, Wielebinski R 2013. Magnetic fields in galaxies. Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems, Vol. 5 Galactic Structure and Stellar Populations TD Oswalt, G Gilmore 641–723. Dordrecht, Neth: Springer Sci. Bus. Media
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Bendre AB, Subramanian K. 2022. MNRAS 511:34454–63
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Bennett CL, Larson D, Weiland JL et al. 2013. Ap. J. Suppl. 208:220
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Bernet ML, Miniati F, Lilly SJ, Kronberg PP, Dessauges-Zavadsky M. 2008. Nature 454:7202302–4
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Blackman EG, Brandenburg A. 2002. Ap. J. 579:1359–73
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Blackman EG, Field GB. 2000. Ap. J. 534:2984–88
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Borlaff AS, Lopez-Rodriguez E, Beck R et al. 2021. Ap. J. 921:2128
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Brackbill JU, Barnes DC. 1980. J. Comp. Phys. 35:3426–30
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Brandenburg A. 2000. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 358:759–74
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Brandenburg A. 2001. Ap. J. 550:2824–40
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Brandenburg A. 2005. Ap. J. 625:539–47
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Brandenburg A. 2010. MNRAS 401:1347–54
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Brandenburg A. 2018. J. Plasma Phys. 84:735840404
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Brandenburg A. 2019. MNRAS 487:2673–84
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Brandenburg A, Brüggen M. 2020. Ap. J. Lett. 896:L14
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Brandenburg A, Chatterjee P. 2018. Astron. Nachr. 339:118–26
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Brandenburg A, Chatterjee P, Del Sordo F et al. 2010. Phys. Scr. 142:014028
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Brandenburg A, Dobler W, Subramanian K. 2002. Astron. Nachr. 323:299–122
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Brandenburg A, Donner KJ, Moss D et al. 1992. Astron. Astrophys. 259:453–61
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Brandenburg A, Donner KJ, Moss D et al. 1993. Astron. Astrophys. 271:36–50
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Brandenburg A, Enqvist K, Olesen P. 1996. Phys. Rev. D 54:21291–300
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Brandenburg A, Kahniashvili T, Mandal S et al. 2019. Phys. Rev. F 4:024608
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Brandenburg A, Ntormousi E. 2022. MNRAS 513:22136–51
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Brandenburg A, Rädler KH, Rheinhardt M, Käpylä PJ. 2008a. Ap. J. 676:740–51
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Brandenburg A, Rädler KH, Rheinhardt M, Subramanian K. 2008b. Ap. J. Lett. 687:L49–52
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Brandenburg A, Rempel M. 2019. Ap. J. 879:57
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Brandenburg A, Scannapieco E. 2020. Ap. J. 889:155
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Brandenburg A, Sokoloff D. 2002. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 96:4319–44
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Brandenburg A, Stepanov R. 2014. Ap. J. 786:91
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Brandenburg A, Subramanian K. 2005a. Phys. Rep. 417:1–209
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Brandenburg A, Subramanian K. 2005b. Astron. Nachr. 326:6400–8
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Brandenburg A, Tuominen I, Krause F. 1990. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 50:195–112
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Brandenburg A, Zhou H, Sharma R. 2023. MNRAS 518:33312–25
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Brentjens MA, de Bruyn AG. 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 441:31217–28
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Broderick AE, Chang P, Pfrommer C. 2012. Ap. J. 752:122
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Burn BJ. 1966. MNRAS 133:67
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Carretti E, Vacca V, O'Sullivan SP et al. 2022. MNRAS 512:1945–59
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Cattaneo F, Hughes DW. 1996. Phys. Rev. E 54:5R4532–35
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Cattaneo F, Vainshtein SI. 1991. Ap. J. Lett. 376:L21
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Chamandy L, Shukurov A, Subramanian K. 2015. MNRAS 446:L6–10
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Chamandy L, Subramanian K, Shukurov A. 2013. MNRAS 428:3569–89
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Chandrasekhar S. 1956. Ap. J. 124:244
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Cowling TG. 1933. MNRAS 94:39–48
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Crutcher RM. 2012. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50:29–63
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Davis L Jr., Greenstein JL. 1951. Ap. J. 114:206
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Dayal P, Ferrara A. 2018. Phys. Rep. 780:1–64
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Dedner A, Kemm F, Kröner D et al. 2002. J. Comp. Phys. 175:2645–73
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Dekel A, Birnboim Y, Engel G et al. 2009. Nature 457:7228451–54
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Del Sordo F, Guerrero G, Brandenburg A. 2013. MNRAS 429:1686–94
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Devlen E, Brandenburg A, Mitra D. 2013. MNRAS 432:1651–57
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Dickey JM, West J, Thomson AJM et al. 2022. Ap. J. 940:175
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Donner KJ, Brandenburg A. 1990. Astron. Astrophys. 240:2289–98
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Draine BT. 2011. Physics of the Interstellar and Intergalactic Medium Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Durrive JB, Langer M. 2015. MNRAS 453:1345–56
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Elstner D, Golla G, Rüdiger G, Wielebinski R. 1995. Astron. Astrophys. 297:77–82
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Elstner D, Meinel R, Rüdiger G. 1990. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 50:185–94
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Evans CR, Hawley JF. 1988. Ap. J. 332:659
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Fabian AC. 2012. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50:455–89
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Federrath C, Sur S, Schleicher DRG, Banerjee R, Klessen RS. 2011. Ap. J. 731:162
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Ferrière K. 2020. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 62:1014014
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Fletcher A, Berkhuijsen EM, Beck R, Shukurov A. 2004. Astron. Astrophys. 414:53–67
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Fujita T, Kamada K. 2016. Phys. Rev. D 93:8083520
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Galloway DJ, Proctor MRE. 1992. Nature 356:6371691–93
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Garaldi E, Pakmor R, Springel V. 2021. MNRAS 502:45726–44
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Gent FA, Mac Low M-M, Käpylä MJ, Singh NK 2021. Ap. J. Lett. 910:2L15
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Gent FA, Shukurov A, Sarson GR, Fletcher A, Mantere MJ. 2013. MNRAS 430:L40–44
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Girichidis P, Naab T, Walch S et al. 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 816:2L19
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Gnedin NY, Ferrara A, Zweibel EG. 2000. Ap. J. 539:2505–16
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Golla G, Hummel E. 1994. Astron. Astrophys. 284:777–92
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Grand RJJ, Gómez FA, Marinacci F et al. 2017. MNRAS 467:1179–207
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Grasso D, Rubinstein HR. 1995. Astropart. Phys. 3:195–102
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Gressel O, Bendre A, Elstner D. 2013. MNRAS 429:2967–72
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Gressel O, Elstner D. 2020. MNRAS 494:11180–88
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Gressel O, Elstner D, Ziegler U, Rüdiger G. 2008a. Astron. Astrophys. 486:3L35–38
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Gressel O, Ziegler U, Elstner D, Rüdiger G. 2008b. Astron. Nachr. 329:6619
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Gruzinov AV, Diamond PH. 1996. Phys. Plasmas 3:51853–57
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Hall JS. 1949. Science 109:2825166–67
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Han JL. 2017. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 55:111–57
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Hanasz M, Lesch H, Naab T et al. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 777:2L38
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Hennebelle P, Inutsuka S-i. 2019. Front. Astron. Space Sci. 6:5
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Henriksen RN, Woodfinden A, Irwin JA. 2018. MNRAS 476:1635–45
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Herzenberg A. 1958. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 250:986543–83
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Hiltner WA. 1949. Science 109:2825165
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Hollins JF, Sarson GR, Evirgen CC et al. 2022. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 116:4261–89
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Horellou C, Fletcher A. 2014. MNRAS 441:32049–57
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Hosking DN, Schekochihin AA. 2021. Phys. Rev. X 11:4041005
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Hosking DN, Schekochihin AA. 2023. arXiv:2203.03573v3 [astro-ph.CO]
  107. Hutschenreuter S, Anderson CS, Betti S et al. 2022. Astron. Astrophys. 657:A43
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Jaffe TR, Leahy JP, Banday AJ et al. 2010. MNRAS 401:21013–28
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Jansson R, Farrar GR. 2012. Ap. J. 757:114
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Jedamzik K, Pogosian L. 2020.. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125:18181302
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Jedamzik K, Saveliev A. 2019. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123:2021301
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Ji H, Prager SC, Sarff JS. 1995. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74:152945–48
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Kahniashvili T, Clarke E, Stepp J, Brandenburg A. 2022. Phys. Rev. Lett. 128:22221301
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Kahniashvili T, Maravin Y, Natarajan A, Battaglia N, Tevzadze AG. 2013. Ap. J. 770:147
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Kamionkowski M, Kosowsky A, Stebbins A. 1997. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78:112058–61
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Katz H, Martin-Alvarez S, Devriendt J, Slyz A, Kimm T. 2019. MNRAS 484:22620–31
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Kazantsev AP. 1968. Sov. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 26:1031
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Keinigs RK. 1983. Phys. Fluids 26:92558–60
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Kormendy J, Ho LC. 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:511–653
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Korochkin A, Kalashev O, Neronov A, Semikoz D. 2021. Ap. J. 906:2116
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Korpi MJ, Brandenburg A, Shukurov A, Tuominen I, Nordlund Å. 1999. Ap. J. Lett. 514:2L99–102
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Kotarba H, Karl SJ, Naab T et al. 2010. Ap. J. 716:21438–52
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Kraichnan RH. 1976. J. Fluid Mech. 75:657–76
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Krasheninnikova I, Shukurov A, Ruzmaikin A, Sokolov D. 1989. Astron. Astrophys. 213:19–28
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Krause F, Rädler KH. 1980. Mean-Field Magnetohydrodynamics and Dynamo Theory Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Krause M, Beck R, Hummel E. 1989. Astron. Astrophys. 217:17–30
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Krause M, Irwin J, Schmidt P et al. 2020. Astron. Astrophys. 639:A112
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Krause M, Wielebinski R, Dumke M. 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 448:1133–42
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Kronberg PP, Perry JJ, Zukowski ELH. 1992. Ap. J. 387:528
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Kulsrud RM, Anderson SW. 1992. Ap. J. 396:606
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Kulsrud RM, Cen R, Ostriker JP, Ryu D. 1997. Ap. J. 480:2481–91
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Lopez-Rodriguez E, Clarke M, Shenoy S et al. 2022. Ap. J. 936:165
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Lowes FJ, Wilkinson I. 1963. Nature 198:48861158–60
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Mao SA, Carilli C, Gaensler BM et al. 2017. Nat. Astron. 1:621–26
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Marinacci F, Vogelsberger M. 2016. MNRAS 456:1L69–73
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Martin CL. 1998. Ap. J. 506:1222–52
     [Google Scholar]
  137. Martin-Alvarez S, Katz H, Sijacki D, Devriendt J, Slyz A. 2021. MNRAS 504:22517–34
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Martin-Alvarez S, Slyz A, Devriendt J, Gómez-Guijarro C. 2020. MNRAS 495:44475–95
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Mocz P, Pakmor R, Springel V et al. 2016. MNRAS 463:1477–88
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Moffatt HK, Proctor MRE. 1985. J. Fluid Mech. 154:493–507
     [Google Scholar]
  141. Mora-Partiarroyo SC, Krause M, Basu A et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 632:A11
     [Google Scholar]
  142. Moss D. 1996. Astron. Astrophys. 315:63–70
     [Google Scholar]
  143. Moss D, Brandenburg A, Donner KJ, Thomasson M. 1993. Ap. J. 409:179
     [Google Scholar]
  144. Moss D, Sokoloff D. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 487:1197–203
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Mtchedlidze S, Domínguez-Fernández P, Du X et al. 2022. Ap. J. 929:2127
     [Google Scholar]
  146. Naoz S, Narayan R. 2013. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111:5051303
     [Google Scholar]
  147. Natwariya PK, Bhatt JR. 2020. MNRAS 497:1L35–39
     [Google Scholar]
  148. Nelson D, Sharma P, Pillepich A et al. 2020. MNRAS 498:22391–414
     [Google Scholar]
  149. Neronov A, Vovk I. 2010. Science 328:73–75
     [Google Scholar]
  150. Ntormousi E, Del Sordo F, Cantiello M, Ferrara A 2022. Astron. Astrophys 668:L6
     [Google Scholar]
  151. Ntormousi E, Tassis K, Del Sordo F, Fragkoudi F, Pakmor R. 2020. Astron. Astrophys. 641:A165
     [Google Scholar]
  152. Ôki T, Fujimoto M, Hitotuyanagi Z. 1964. Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 31:77–115
     [Google Scholar]
  153. Oppermann N, Junklewitz H, Greiner M et al. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 575:A118
     [Google Scholar]
  154. Page L, Hinshaw G, Komatsu E et al. 2007. Ap. J. Suppl. 170:2335–76
     [Google Scholar]
  155. Pakmor R, Gómez FA, Grand RJJ et al. 2017. MNRAS 469:33185–99
     [Google Scholar]
  156. Parker EN. 1955. Ap. J. 122:293
     [Google Scholar]
  157. Parker EN. 1971. Ap. J. 163:255–78
     [Google Scholar]
  158. Parker EN. 1979. Cosmical Magnetic Fields: Their Origin and Their Activity Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press
     [Google Scholar]
  159. Parker EN. 1992. Ap. J. 401:137
     [Google Scholar]
  160. Pattle K, Fissel L, Tahani M, Liu T, Ntormousi E. 2022. arXiv:2203.11179 [astro-ph.GA]
  161. Piddington JH. 1964. MNRAS 128:345
     [Google Scholar]
  162. Piontek RA, Ostriker EC. 2007. Ap. J. 663:1183–203
     [Google Scholar]
  163. Poezd A, Shukurov A, Sokoloff D. 1993. MNRAS 264:285–97
     [Google Scholar]
  164. Powell KG, Roe PL, Linde TJ, Gombosi TI, De Zeeuw DL. 1999. J. Comp. Phys. 154:2284–309
     [Google Scholar]
  165. Prasad A, Mangalam A. 2016. Ap. J. 817:112
     [Google Scholar]
  166. Putman ME, Peek JEG, Joung MR. 2012. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50:491–529
     [Google Scholar]
  167. Rädler K-H. 1969. Monats. Dt. Akad. Wiss. 11:194–201
     [Google Scholar]
  168. Rees MJ. 1987. Q. J. R. Astron. Soc. 28:197–206
     [Google Scholar]
  169. Rheinhardt M, Brandenburg A. 2012. Astron. Nachr. 333:71–77
     [Google Scholar]
  170. Rheinhardt M, Devlen E, Rädler KH, Brandenburg A. 2014. MNRAS 441:116–26
     [Google Scholar]
  171. Rieder M, Teyssier R. 2016. MNRAS 457:21722–38
     [Google Scholar]
  172. Rieder M, Teyssier R. 2017a. MNRAS 471:32674–86
     [Google Scholar]
  173. Rieder M, Teyssier R. 2017b.. MNRAS 472:44368–73
     [Google Scholar]
  174. Rincon F. 2021. Phys. Rev. Fluids 6:12L121701
     [Google Scholar]
  175. Roberts GO. 1972. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 271:1216411–54
     [Google Scholar]
  176. Rodenbeck K, Schleicher DRG. 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 593:A89
     [Google Scholar]
  177. Rodrigues LFS, Chamandy L, Shukurov A, Baugh CM, Taylor AR. 2019. MNRAS 483:22424–40
     [Google Scholar]
  178. Roettiger K, Stone JM, Burns JO. 1999. Ap. J. 518:2594–602
     [Google Scholar]
  179. Rosswog S, Price D. 2007. MNRAS 379:3915–31
     [Google Scholar]
  180. Ruzmaikin A, Shukurov A, Sokoloff D. 1988. Magnetic Fields of Galaxies Dordrecht, Neth: Kluwer
     [Google Scholar]
  181. Schekochihin AA, Cowley SC, Taylor SF, Maron JL, McWilliams JC. 2004. Ap. J. 612:1276–307
     [Google Scholar]
  182. Schober J, Schleicher D, Federrath C et al. 2012. Ap. J. 754:299
     [Google Scholar]
  183. Schoeffler KM, Loureiro NF, Fonseca RA, Silva LO. 2016. Phys. Plasmas 23:5056304
     [Google Scholar]
  184. Schrinner M, Rädler KH, Schmitt D, Rheinhardt M, Christensen U. 2005. Astron. Nachr. 326:245–49
     [Google Scholar]
  185. Schrinner M, Rädler KH, Schmitt D, Rheinhardt M, Christensen UR. 2007. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 101:81–116
     [Google Scholar]
  186. Segalovitz A, Shane WW, de Bruyn AG. 1976. Nature 264:222–26
     [Google Scholar]
  187. Seljak U, Zaldarriaga M. 1997. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78:112054–57
     [Google Scholar]
  188. Seta A, Beck R. 2019. Galaxies 7:45
     [Google Scholar]
  189. Seta A, Bushby PJ, Shukurov A, Wood TS. 2020. Phys. Rev. Fluids 5:4043702
     [Google Scholar]
  190. Seta A, Federrath C. 2022. MNRAS 514:1957–76
     [Google Scholar]
  191. Shukurov A. 1998. MNRAS 299:1L21–24
     [Google Scholar]
  192. Shukurov A. 2000. Global magnetic structures in spiral galaxies: evidence for dynamo action. Proceedings 232, Interstellar Medium in M31 and M33 EM Berkhuijsen, R Beck, RAM Walterbos 191–200. Aachen, Ger.: Shaker Verlag
     [Google Scholar]
  193. Shukurov A, Rodrigues LFS, Bushby PJ, Hollins J, Rachen JP. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 623:A113
     [Google Scholar]
  194. Shukurov A, Sokoloff D, Subramanian K, Brandenburg A. 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 448:L33–36
     [Google Scholar]
  195. Shukurov A, Subramanian K. 2022. Astrophysical Magnetic Fields: From Galaxies to the Early Universe Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  196. Simard C, Charbonneau P, Dubé C. 2016. Adv. Space Res. 58:81522–37
     [Google Scholar]
  197. Sironi L, Giannios D. 2014. Ap. J. 787:149
     [Google Scholar]
  198. Snodin AP, Brandenburg A, Mee AJ, Shukurov A. 2006. MNRAS 373:643–52
     [Google Scholar]
  199. Sofue Y, Fujimoto M, Wielebinski R. 1986. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 24:459–97
     [Google Scholar]
  200. Sokoloff D, Shukurov A. 1990. Nature 347:628851–53
     [Google Scholar]
  201. Soward AM. 1987. J. Fluid Mech. 180:267–95
     [Google Scholar]
  202. Squire J, Bhattacharjee A. 2015. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115:17175003
     [Google Scholar]
  203. Steenbeck M, Krause F. 1969. Astron. Nachr. 291:49–84
     [Google Scholar]
  204. Steenbeck M, Krause F, Rädler KH. 1966. Z. Naturforsch. A 21:369
     [Google Scholar]
  205. Stein Y, Dettmar RJ, Weżgowiec M et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 632:A13
     [Google Scholar]
  206. Steinwandel UP, Beck MC, Arth A et al. 2019. MNRAS 483:11008–28
     [Google Scholar]
  207. Stix M. 1975. Astron. Astrophys. 42:185–89
     [Google Scholar]
  208. Subramanian K. 2016. Rep. Prog. Phys. 79:7076901
     [Google Scholar]
  209. Subramanian K, Brandenburg A. 2014. MNRAS 445:2930–40
     [Google Scholar]
  210. Subramanian K, Narasimha D, Chitre SM. 1994. MNRAS 271:L15
     [Google Scholar]
  211. Sun XH, Reich W, Waelkens A, Enßlin TA. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 477:2573–92
     [Google Scholar]
  212. Sur S, Federrath C, Schleicher DRG, Banerjee R, Klessen RS. 2012. MNRAS 423:43148–62
     [Google Scholar]
  213. Sur S, Schleicher DRG, Banerjee R, Federrath C, Klessen RS. 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 721:2L134–38
     [Google Scholar]
  214. Tabatabaei FS, Krause M, Fletcher A, Beck R. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 490:31005–17
     [Google Scholar]
  215. Tassis K, Ramaprakash AN, Readhead ACS et al. 2018. arXiv:1810.05652 [astro-ph.IM]
  216. Terral P, Ferrière K. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 600:A29
     [Google Scholar]
  217. Tosa M, Fujimoto M. 1978. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 30:315–26
     [Google Scholar]
  218. Tricco TS, Price DJ, Federrath C. 2016. MNRAS 461:21260–75
     [Google Scholar]
  219. Tüllmann R, Dettmar RJ, Soida M, Urbanik M, Rossa J. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 364:L36–41
     [Google Scholar]
  220. Vainshtein SI, Cattaneo F. 1992. Ap. J. 393:165
     [Google Scholar]
  221. Vainshtein SI, Ruzmaikin AA. 1971. Astron. Zhurnal 48:902
     [Google Scholar]
  222. van de Voort F, Bieri R, Pakmor R et al. 2021. MNRAS 501:44888–902
     [Google Scholar]
  223. Vazza F, Brüggen M, Gheller C et al. 2017. Class. Quantum Grav. 34:23234001
     [Google Scholar]
  224. Vazza F, Ferrari C, Brüggen M et al. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 580:A119
     [Google Scholar]
  225. Veilleux S, Cecil G, Bland-Hawthorn J. 2005. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 43:769–826
     [Google Scholar]
  226. Vishniac ET, Brandenburg A. 1997. Ap. J. 475:263–74
     [Google Scholar]
  227. Vishniac ET, Cho J. 2001. Ap. J. 550:2752–60
     [Google Scholar]
  228. Vishniac ET, Shapovalov D. 2014. Ap. J. 780:2144
     [Google Scholar]
  229. Volegova AA, Stepanov RA. 2010. Sov. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. Lett. 90:10637–41
     [Google Scholar]
  230. von Rekowski B, Brandenburg A, Dobler W, Dobler W, Shukurov A. 2003. Astron. Astrophys. 398:825–44
     [Google Scholar]
  231. Wang P, Abel T. 2009. Ap. J. 696:196–109
     [Google Scholar]
  232. Warnecke J, Rheinhardt M, Tuomisto S et al. 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 609:A51
     [Google Scholar]
  233. Weibel ES. 1959. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2:383–84
     [Google Scholar]
  234. West JL, Henriksen RN, Ferrière K et al. 2020. MNRAS 499:33673–89
     [Google Scholar]
  235. White SDM, Rees MJ. 1978. MNRAS 183:341–58
     [Google Scholar]
  236. Whittingham J, Sparre M, Pfrommer C, Pakmor R. 2021. MNRAS 506:1229–55
     [Google Scholar]
  237. Widrow LM. 2002. Rev. Mod. Phys. 74:3775–823
     [Google Scholar]
  238. Willis AP. 2012. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109:25251101
     [Google Scholar]
  239. Xu S, Garain SK, Balsara DS, Lazarian A. 2019. Ap. J. 872:162
     [Google Scholar]
  240. Xu S, Lazarian A. 2016. Ap. J. 833:2215
     [Google Scholar]
  241. Xu S, Lazarian A. 2020. Ap. J. 899:2115
     [Google Scholar]
  242. Xu S, Lazarian A. 2021. Rev. Mod. Plasma Phys. 5:12
     [Google Scholar]
  243. Yousef TA, Heinemann T, Schekochihin AA et al. 2008. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100:184501
     [Google Scholar]
  244. Zeldovich YB, Ruzmaikin AA, Sokoloff DD. 1990. The Almighty Chance Singapore: World Sci. Publ.
     [Google Scholar]
  245. Zhang D. 2018. Galaxies 6:4114
     [Google Scholar]
  246. Zhou H, Blackman EG. 2021. MNRAS 507:45732–46
     [Google Scholar]
  247. Zhou H, Blackman EG, Chamandy L. 2018. J. Plasma Phys. 84:3735840302
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-071221-052807
Loading
Galactic Dynamos
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 61, 561 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-071221-052807
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-071221-052807
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-071221-052807
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error