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The science of volcanology advances disproportionately during exceptionally large or well-observed eruptions. The 2018 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano (Hawai‘i) was its most impactful in centuries, involving an outpouring of more than one cubic kilometer of basalt, a magnitude 7 flank earthquake, and the volcano's largest summit collapse since at least the nineteenth century. Eruptive activity was documented in detail, yielding new insights into large caldera-rift eruptions; the geometry of a shallow magma storage-transport system and its interaction with rift zone tectonics; mechanisms of basaltic tephra-producing explosions; caldera collapse mechanics; and the dynamics of fissure eruptions and high-volume lava flows. Insights are broadly applicable to a range of volcanic systems and should reduce risk from future eruptions. Multidisciplinary collaboration will be required to fully leverage the diversity of monitoring data to address many of the most important outstanding questions.
Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 52 is May 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Download the Supplemental Material (PDF). Includes the Supplemental Text, Supplemental Figures 1-13, Supplemental Table 1, the caption for Supplemental Data Set 1, the captions for Supplemental Movies 1-2, and Supplemental References.
Download Supplemental Data Set 1 (CSV): Spreadsheet containing collapse times and parameters from Supplementary Table 1. Columns are event number, origin time in HST, origin time in UTC, days from previous collapse, calderaradial tilt offset at UWD in microradians, plume height in meters through May 26 only, collapse earthquake magnitude, and infrasound amplitude in pascals (low frequency maximum at AHUD; <0.5 Hz).
Supplemental Movie 1: Relocated summit earthquakes from Shelly & Thelen (2019) (red dots) and co-collapse offsets in GNSS (red vectors) and ground tilt (black vectors) from Anderson & Johanson (2022). Time advances at 1 second per day. Earthquakes are binned by 1 hour time windows. Geodetic co-collapse offsets are abrupt (just seconds-long) but for clarity are plotted for several hours following each collapse. Background DEM shows post-eruptive summit topography, with the area of collapse shown by a solid black line.
Supplemental Movie 2: As in Supplemental Movie 1, but in three dimensions. Earthquakes are scaled by magnitude as in Supplemental Movie 1, and the vector scale is the same as in Supplemental Movie 1. Apparent downward displacements during early collapse events is likely due to noise in the data. Tilt data are not shown.