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- Volume 46, 2014
Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics - Volume 46, 2014
Volume 46, 2014
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Taking Fluid Mechanics to the General Public
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 1–22More LessFluid flow phenomena are omnipresent; they can be observed and described in many locations and circumstances. However, in most cases, their presence does not stimulate an interest in science. We consider successively domains of activities in which the presence of fluid flow phenomena can be used: natural sites, industrial ones, sporting events, artistic creations and presentations, the production of images and books, sci Read More
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Stably Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 23–45More LessAtmospheric boundary layers with weak stratification are relatively well described by similarity theory and numerical models for stationary horizontally homogeneous conditions. With common strong stratification, similarity theory becomes unreliable. The turbulence structure and interactions with the mean flow and small-scale nonturbulent motions assume a variety of scenarios. The turbulence is intermittent and Read More
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Rheology of Adsorbed Surfactant Monolayers at Fluid Surfaces
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 47–65More LessWhen surfactants adsorb at liquid surfaces, they not only decrease the surface tension, they also confer rheological properties to the surfaces. The most common rheological parameters are the surface compression elasticity and viscosity and the surface shear viscosity. These parameters usually depend on the timescale of the deformation, owing to surface relaxations, and on its amplitude, owing to nonlinear responses. In Read More
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Numerical Simulation of Flowing Blood Cells
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 67–95More LessThe cellular detail of blood is an essential factor in its flow, especially in vessels or devices with size comparable to that of its suspended cells. This article motivates and reviews numerical simulation techniques that provide a realistic description of cell-scale blood flow by explicitly representing its coupled fluid and solid mechanics. Red blood cells are the principal focus because of their importance and because of their remarkab Read More
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Numerical Simulations of Flows with Moving Contact Lines
Yi Sui, Hang Ding, and Peter D.M. SpeltVol. 46 (2014), pp. 97–119More LessComputational methods have been extended recently to allow for the presence of moving contact lines in simulated two-phase flows. The predictive capability offered by these methods is potentially large, joining theoretical and experimental methods. Several challenges rather unique to this area need to be overcome, however, notably regarding the conditions near a moving contact line and the very large separation o Read More
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Yielding to Stress: Recent Developments in Viscoplastic Fluid Mechanics
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 121–146More LessThe archetypal feature of a viscoplastic fluid is its yield stress: If the material is not sufficiently stressed, it behaves like a solid, but once the yield stress is exceeded, the material flows like a fluid. Such behavior characterizes materials common in industries such as petroleum and chemical processing, cosmetics, and food processing and in geophysical fluid dynamics. The most common idealization of a viscoplastic fluid is th Read More
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Dynamics of Swirling Flames
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 147–173More LessIn many continuous combustion processes, such as those found in aeroengines or gas turbines, the flame is stabilized by a swirling flow formed by aerodynamic swirlers. The dynamics of such swirling flames is of technical and fundamental interest. This article reviews progress in this field and begins with a discussion of the swirl number, a parameter that plays a central role in the definition of the flow structure and its response Read More
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The Estuarine Circulation
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 175–197More LessRecent research in estuaries challenges the long-standing paradigm of the gravitationally driven estuarine circulation. In estuaries with relatively strong tidal forcing and modest buoyancy forcing, the tidal variation in stratification leads to a tidal straining circulation driven by tidal variation in vertical mixing, with a magnitude that may significantly exceed the gravitational circulation. For weakly stratified estuaries, vertical and l Read More
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Particle-Resolved Direct Numerical Simulation for Gas-Solid Flow Model Development
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 199–230More LessGas-solid flows in nature and industrial applications are characterized by multiscale and nonlinear interactions that manifest as rich flow physics and pose unique modeling challenges. In this article, we review particle-resolved direct numerical simulation (PR-DNS) of the microscale governing equations for understanding gas-solid flow physics and obtaining quantitative information for model development. A clear connection be Read More
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Internal Wave Breaking and Dissipation Mechanisms on the Continental Slope/Shelf
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 231–254More LessInternal waves are important physical phenomena on the continental shelf/slope. They are often very energetic, and their breaking provides an important dissipation and mixing mechanism, with implications for biological productivity and sediment transport. Internal waves appear in a variety of forms and can break in a variety of ways. A consequence of their dispersion properties is the breaking of waves reflecting fro Read More
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The Fluid Mechanics of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 255–272More LessHumans are faced with a potentially disastrous global problem owing to the current emission of 32 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually into the atmosphere. A possible way to mitigate the effects is to store CO2 in large porous reservoirs within the Earth. Fluid mechanics plays a key role in determining both the feasibility and risks involved in this geological sequestration. We review current research efforts looking at the pr Read More
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Wake Signature Detection
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 273–302More LessAn accumulated body of quantitative evidence shows that bluff-body wakes in stably stratified environments have an unusual degree of coherence and organization, so characteristic geometries such as arrays of alternating-signed vortices have very long lifetimes, as measured in units of buoyancy timescales, or in the downstream distance scaled by a body length. The combination of pattern geometry and persistence ren Read More
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Fast Pressure-Sensitive Paint for Flow and Acoustic Diagnostics
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 303–330More LessThe development and capabilities of fast-responding pressure-sensitive paint (fast PSP) are reviewed within the context of recent applications to aerodynamic and acoustic investigations. PSP is an optical technique for determining surface pressure distributions by measuring changes in the intensity of emitted light, whereas fast PSP is an extension applicable to unsteady flows and acoustics. Most fast PSP formulations are ba Read More
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Instabilities in Viscosity-Stratified Flow
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 331–353More LessThis review highlights the profound and unexpected ways in which viscosity varying in space and time can affect flow. The most striking manifestations are through alterations of flow stability, as established in model shear flows and industrial applications. Future studies are needed to address the important effect of viscosity stratification in such diverse environments as Earth's core, the Sun, blood vessels, and the re-e Read More
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Water Entry of Projectiles
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 355–378More LessThe free-surface impact of solid objects has been investigated for well over a century. This canonical problem is influenced by many physical parameters, including projectile geometry, material properties, fluid properties, and impact parameters. Through advances in high-speed imaging and visualization techniques, discoveries about the underlying physics have improved our understanding of these phenomena. Improve Read More
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Surface Acoustic Wave Microfluidics
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 379–406More LessFluid manipulations at the microscale and beyond are powerfully enabled through the use of 10–1,000-MHz acoustic waves. A superior alternative in many cases to other microfluidic actuation techniques, such high-frequency acoustics is almost universally produced by surface acoustic wave devices that employ electromechanical transduction in wafer-scale or thin-film piezoelectric media to generate the kinetic energy neede Read More
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Particle Transport in Therapeutic Magnetic Fields
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 407–440More LessIron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, in ferrofluids or as magnetic microspheres, offer magnetic maneuverability, biochemical surface functionalization, and magnetic relaxation under the influence of an alternating field. The use of these properties for clinical applications requires an understanding of particles, forces, and scalar transport at various length scales. This review explains the behavior of magnetic nano- Read More
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Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 441–468More LessWe present an overview of the aerodynamics of heavy vehicles, such as tractor-trailers, high-speed trains, and buses. We introduce three-dimensional flow structures around simplified model vehicles and heavy vehicles and discuss the flow-control devices used for drag reduction. Finally, we suggest important unsteady flow structures to investigate for the enhancement of aerodynamic performance and future dire Read More
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Low-Frequency Unsteadiness of Shock Wave/Turbulent Boundary Layer Interactions
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 469–492More LessShock wave/boundary layer interactions occur in a wide range of supersonic internal and external flows, and often these interactions are associated with turbulent boundary layer separation. The resulting separated flow is associated with large-scale, low-frequency unsteadiness whose cause has been the subject of much attention and debate. In particular, some researchers have concluded that the source of low-frequ Read More
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Adjoint Equations in Stability Analysis
Vol. 46 (2014), pp. 493–517More LessThe objective of this article is to review some developments in the use of adjoint equations in hydrodynamic stability theory. Adjoint-based sensitivity analysis finds both analytical and numerical applications much beyond those originally imagined. It can be used to identify optimal perturbations, pinpoint the most receptive path to break down, select the most destabilizing base-flow defect in a nominally stable confi Read More
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 56 (2024)
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Volume 55 (2023)
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Volume 54 (2022)
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Volume 53 (2021)
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Volume 52 (2020)
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Volume 51 (2019)
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Volume 50 (2018)
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Volume 49 (2017)
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Volume 48 (2016)
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Volume 47 (2015)
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Volume 46 (2014)
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Volume 45 (2013)
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Volume 44 (2012)
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Volume 43 (2011)
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Volume 42 (2010)
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Volume 41 (2009)
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Volume 40 (2008)
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Volume 39 (2007)
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Volume 38 (2006)
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Volume 37 (2005)
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Volume 36 (2004)
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Volume 35 (2003)
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Volume 34 (2002)
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Volume 33 (2001)
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Volume 32 (2000)
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Volume 31 (1999)
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Volume 30 (1998)
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Volume 29 (1997)
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Volume 28 (1996)
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Volume 27 (1995)
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Volume 26 (1994)
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Volume 25 (1993)
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Volume 24 (1992)
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Volume 23 (1991)
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Volume 22 (1990)
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Volume 21 (1989)
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Volume 20 (1988)
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Volume 19 (1987)
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Volume 18 (1986)
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Volume 17 (1985)
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Volume 16 (1984)
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Volume 15 (1983)
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Volume 14 (1982)
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Volume 13 (1981)
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Volume 12 (1980)
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Volume 11 (1979)
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Volume 10 (1978)
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Volume 9 (1977)
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Volume 8 (1976)
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Volume 7 (1975)
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Volume 6 (1974)
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Volume 5 (1973)
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Volume 4 (1972)
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Volume 3 (1971)
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Volume 2 (1970)
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Volume 1 (1969)
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Volume 0 (1932)