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- Volume 33, 2003
Annual Review of Materials Research - Volume 33, 2003
Volume 33, 2003
- Preface
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- Review Articles
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New Material Needs for Hydrocarbon Fuel Processing: Generating Hydrogen for the PEM Fuel Cell
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 1–27More Less▪ Abstract The hydrogen economy is fast approaching as petroleum reserves are rapidly consumed. The fuel cell promises to deliver clean and efficient power by combining hydrogen and oxygen in a simple electrochemical device that directly converts chemical energy to electrical energy. Hydrogen, the most plentiful element available, can be extracted from water by electrolysis. One can imagine capturing en Read More
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Interface Fracture
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 29–54More Less▪ Abstract Interfacial adhesion plays a central role in a number of technologically important applications. Quantitatively measuring the adhesion of an interface and understanding the processes and controlling mechanisms of energy dissipation is not always a straightforward task, however. It is often not enough to know that an interface in a particular application is weak and prone to failure because it can be difficult to accuratel Read More
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Solid-State Reactivity at Heterophase Interfaces
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 55–90More Less▪ Abstract Chemical reactivity at heterophase interfaces is reviewed with a special focus on metal-oxide and oxide-oxide interfaces. Equilibrium chemistry of interfaces is discussed in terms of processes at the macroscopic and atomic level. The dependency on thermodynamic and crystallographic variables is described and illustrated by experimental results. Any reaction-related motion of an interface is associated Read More
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Oxide-Ion Electrolytes
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 91–128More Less▪ Abstract The performance of the oxide-ion electrolyte of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is critical to the development of an intermediate-temperature system. Although yttria-stabilized zirconia is the electrolyte used in SOFCs under commercial development, other candidate materials are now available, and there remains a strong motivation to search for new, improved oxide-ion electrolytes. The leading contenders ar Read More
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Composite Membranes for Medium-Temperature PEM Fuel Cells
G. Alberti, and M. CasciolaVol. 33 (2003), pp. 129–154More Less▪ Abstract The main obstacles to greater commercialization of polymer electrolyte fuel cells are mostly related to the low-proton conductivity at low-relative humidity of the known ionomeric membranes, to their high methanol permeability and poor mechanical properties above ∼130°C. A possible solution for these problems has been found in the development of composite membranes, where particles of suitable fillers are Read More
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Methanol-Resistant Oxygen-Reduction Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
A.K. Shukla, and R.K. RamanVol. 33 (2003), pp. 155–168More Less▪ Abstract Methanol oxidation in the cathode compartment of the fuel cell, which occurs during the oxygen-reduction reaction on Pt-based cathodes, constitutes a significant performance loss in the direct methanol fuel cells. Over the past decade, four types of methanol-resistant oxygen-reduction catalysts have been developed to circumvent this problem. Among these, transition-metal chalcogenides, and in parti Read More
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Supported Electrolyte Thin Film Synthesis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells*
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 169–182More Less▪ Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells operating at temperatures below 800°C require the use of supported thin film solid electrolytes. A variety of processing methods are reviewed that can deliver electrolyte films with satisfactory performance. These include vapor phase, sol-gel, and powder methods such as colloidal deposition. An important consideration is that a number of these processing methods may not meet the low c Read More
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Recent Advances in Materials for Fuel Cells
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 183–213More Less▪ Abstract After a brief survey of fuel cell types, attention is focused on material requirements for SOFC and PEMFC stacks, with an introductory section on materials technology for reformers. Materials cost and processing, together with durability issues, are emphasized as these now dominate materials selection processes for prototype stack units. In addition to optimizing the cell components, increasing attention is b Read More
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Atomic Scale Investigation of Impurity Segregation to Crystal Defects
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 215–231More Less▪ Abstract This paper presents a review of atomic-scale defects (planar defects and dislocations) analysis using atom probe (AP) and field ion microscopy (FIM). A large part of the discussion is dedicated to the first atomic-scale observation of a Cottrell atmosphere by a three-dimensional atom probe method (3DAP). The nanoscale boron segregation to line dislocations and planar defects in a B2-ordered FeAl (40 at.%Al) is i Read More
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Anhydrous Proton-Conducting Polymers
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 233–261More Less▪ Abstract Anhydrous proton-conducting polymers usually consist of a more or less inert polymer matrix that is swollen with an appropriate proton solvent (in most cases, phosphoric acid). An outline of the different materials is provided, with a focus on PBI/H3PO4 blends that are currently most suitable for fuel cell applications. Also discussed are alternative concepts for fully polymeric materials, which establish proton conductivit Read More
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Low-Energy Electron Microscopy of Surface Phase Transitions
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 263–288More Less▪ Abstract The use of low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) to study reversible surface phase transitions is reviewed. Representative experiments are described that highlight the key advantages of LEEM: the ability to image surfaces in situ, at elevated temperature, with good spatial and temporal resolution. With these capabilities, the evolution of individual surface features—domains, facets, islands, steps, etc. Read More
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Proton Conduction Mechanisms at Low Degrees of Hydration in Sulfonic Acid–Based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 289–319More Less▪ Abstract The need to operate polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells at temperatures above 100°C, where the amount of water in the membrane is restricted, has provided much of the motivation for understanding the mechanisms of proton conduction at low degrees of hydration. Although experiments have not provided any direct information, numerous theoretical investigations have begun to provide the basis fo Read More
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Conversion of Hydrocarbons in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 321–331More Less▪ Abstract Recently, a number of papers about direct oxidation of methane and hydrocarbon in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) at relatively low temperatures (about 700°C) have been published. Even though the conversion of almost dry CH4 at 1000°C on ceramic anodes was demonstrated more than 10 years ago, the reports about high-current densities for methane oxidation at such low temperatures are indeed surprising Read More
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Proton-Conducting Oxides
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 333–359More Less▪ Abstract The structural and chemical parameters determining the formation and mobility of protonic defects in oxides are discussed, and the paramount role of high-molar volume, coordination numbers, and symmetry are emphasized. Symmetry also relates to the structural and chemical matching of the acceptor dopant. Y-doped BaZrO3-based oxides are demonstrated to combine high stability with high proton conductivit Read More
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Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes: Polarization Mechanisms and Modeling of the Electrochemical Performance
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 361–382More Less▪ Abstract Several recent experimental and numerical investigations have contributed to the improved understanding of the electrochemical mechanisms taking place at solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathodes and yielded valuable information on the relationships between alterable parameters (geometry/material) and the cathodic polarization resistance. Efforts to reduce the polarization resistance in SOFCs can ben Read More
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Materials Design for the Next Generation Thermal Barrier Coatings
D.R. Clarke, and C.G. LeviVol. 33 (2003), pp. 383–417More Less▪ Abstract The emphasis in this short review is to describe the materials issues involved in the development of present thermal barrier coatings and the advances necessary for the next generation, higher temperature capability coatings.
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Science and Technology of the Twenty-First Century: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 419–501More Less▪ Abstract This account reviews the discovery, synthesis, properties, and the latest research advances of carbon nanotubes developed over the past 12 years. Because of their remarkable electronic and mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes are unique and exciting. The field has been developed rapidly, and the number of publications per year is increasing almost exponentially. Various technological applications are like Read More
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Non-Fluorinated Polymer Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 503–555More Less▪ Abstract The past 10 years have witnessed a tremendous acceleration in research devoted to non-fluorinated polymer membranes, both as competitive alternatives to commercial perfluorosulfonic acid membranes operating in the same temperature range and with the objective of extending the range of operation of polymer fuel cells toward those more generally occupied by phosphoric acid fuel cells. Important re Read More
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New Electrocatalysts by Combinatorial Methods
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 557–579More Less▪ Abstract Combinatorial methods provide a means for accelerating the discovery of fuel cell catalysts. The first example of parallel fuel cell catalysts screening was an indirect method that used fluorescent chemosensors to detect changes in pH in proximity to electrocatalyst spots. Serial direct electrochemical methods have been developed that use voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and scanning electrochemical micro Read More
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Understanding Materials Compatibility
Vol. 33 (2003), pp. 581–610More Less▪ Abstract The use of chemical potential diagrams to examine interface chemistry is discussed in terms of the chemical reactions among oxides and associated interdiffusion across the interface. The driving force for both processes can be determined from the chemical potential values. The geometrical features of the chemical potential diagrams can be related to the valence stability of binary oxides and the stabilization ene Read More
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 54 (2024)
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Volume 53 (2023)
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Volume 52 (2022)
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Volume 51 (2021)
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Volume 50 (2020)
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Volume 49 (2019)
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Volume 48 (2018)
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Volume 47 (2017)
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Volume 46 (2016)
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Volume 45 (2015)
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Volume 44 (2014)
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Volume 43 (2013)
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Volume 42 (2012)
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Volume 41 (2011)
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Volume 40 (2010)
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Volume 39 (2009)
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Volume 38 (2008)
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Volume 37 (2007)
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Volume 36 (2006)
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Volume 35 (2005)
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Volume 34 (2004)
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Volume 33 (2003)
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Volume 32 (2002)
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Volume 31 (2001)
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Volume 30 (2000)
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Volume 29 (1999)
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Volume 28 (1998)
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Volume 27 (1997)
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Volume 26 (1996)
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Volume 25 (1995)
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Volume 24 (1994)
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Volume 23 (1993)
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Volume 22 (1992)
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Volume 21 (1991)
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Volume 20 (1990)
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Volume 19 (1989)
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Volume 18 (1988)
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Volume 17 (1987)
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Volume 16 (1986)
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Volume 15 (1985)
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Volume 14 (1984)
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Volume 13 (1983)
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Volume 12 (1982)
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Volume 11 (1981)
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Volume 10 (1980)
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Volume 9 (1979)
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Volume 8 (1978)
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Volume 7 (1977)
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Volume 6 (1976)
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Volume 5 (1975)
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Volume 4 (1974)
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Volume 3 (1973)
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Volume 2 (1972)
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Volume 1 (1971)
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Volume 0 (1932)