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- Volume 74, 2012
Annual Review of Physiology - Volume 74, 2012
Volume 74, 2012
- Preface
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A Conversation with Elwood Jensen
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 1–11More LessVIDEO Please visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OT7HoDpJopA for a video of this interview.
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Epigenetic Control of Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation and Phenotypic Switching in Vascular Development and Disease
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 13–40More LessThe vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) in adult animals is a highly specialized cell whose principal function is contraction. However, this cell displays remarkable plasticity and can undergo profound changes in phenotype during repair of vascular injury, during remodeling in response to altered blood flow, or in various disease states. There has been extensive progress in recent years in our understanding of the complex mechan Read More
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Epigenetics and Cardiovascular Development
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 41–68More LessThe cardiovascular system is broadly composed of the heart, which pumps blood, and the blood vessels, which carry blood to and from tissues of the body. Heart malformations are the most serious common birth defect, affecting at least 2% of newborns and leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Severe heart malformations cause heart failure in fetuses, infants, and children, whereas milder heart defects may not tri Read More
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Lysosomal Acidification Mechanisms*
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 69–86More LessLysosomes, the terminal organelles on the endocytic pathway, digest macromolecules and make their components available to the cell as nutrients. Hydrolytic enzymes specific to a wide range of targets reside within the lysosome; these enzymes are activated by the highly acidic pH (between 4.5 and 5.0) in the organelles' interior. Lysosomes generate and maintain their pH gradients by using the activity of a proton-pumping V- Read More
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Biology Without Walls: The Novel Endocrinology of Bone
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 87–105More LessClassical studies of vertebrate physiology have usually been confined to a given organ or cell type. The use of mouse genetics has changed this approach and has rejuvenated the concept of a whole-body study of physiology. One physiological system that has been profoundly influenced by mouse genetics is skeletal physiology. Indeed, genetic approaches have identified several unexpected organs that affect bone physiolog Read More
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Fetal Programming and Metabolic Syndrome
Paolo Rinaudo, and Erica WangVol. 74 (2012), pp. 107–130More LessMetabolic syndrome is reaching epidemic proportions, particularly in developing countries. In this review, we explore the concept—based on the developmental-origin-of-health-and-disease hypothesis—that reprogramming during critical times of fetal life can lead to metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Specifically, we summarize the epidemiological evidence linking prenatal stress, manifested by low birth weight, to metabolic Read More
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Nuclear Sphingolipid Metabolism
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 131–151More LessNuclear lipid metabolism is implicated in various processes, including transcription, splicing, and DNA repair. Sphingolipids play roles in numerous cellular functions, and an emerging body of literature has identified roles for these lipid mediators in distinct nuclear processes. Different sphingolipid species are localized in various subnuclear domains, including chromatin, the nuclear matrix, and the nuclear envelope, wh Read More
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Adenosine and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Signaling in Intestinal Injury and Recovery
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 153–175More LessThe gastrointestinal mucosa has proven to be an interesting tissue in which to investigate disease-related metabolism. In this review, we outline some of the evidence that implicates hypoxia-mediated adenosine signaling as an important signature within both healthy and diseased mucosa. Studies derived from cultured cell systems, animal models, and human patients have revealed that hypoxia is a significant component o Read More
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Toll-Like Receptor–Gut Microbiota Interactions: Perturb at Your Own Risk!
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 177–198More LessThe well-being of the intestine and its host requires that this organ execute its complex function amid colonization by a large and diverse microbial community referred to as the gut microbiota. A myriad of interacting mechanisms of mucosal immunity permit the gut to corral the microbiota in such a way as to maximize the benefits and to minimize the danger of living in close proximity to this large microbial biomass. Toll-like re Read More
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The Calyx of Held Synapse: From Model Synapse to Auditory Relay
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 199–224More LessThe calyx of Held is an axosomatic terminal in the auditory brainstem that has attracted anatomists because of its giant size and physiologists because of its accessibility to patch-clamp recordings. The calyx allows the principal neurons in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) to provide inhibition that is both well timed and sustained to many other auditory nuclei. The special adaptations that allow the calyx to driv Read More
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Neurotransmitter Corelease: Mechanism and Physiological Role
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 225–243More LessNeurotransmitter identity is a defining feature of all neurons because it constrains the type of information they convey, but many neurons release multiple transmitters. Although the physiological role for corelease has remained poorly understood, the vesicular uptake of one transmitter can regulate filling with the other by influencing expression of the H+ electrochemical driving force. In addition, the sorting of vesicular neur Read More
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Small-Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels: Form and Function
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 245–269More LessSmall-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK channels) are widely expressed throughout the central nervous system. These channels are activated solely by increases in intracellular Ca2+. SK channels are stable macromolecular complexes of the ion pore–forming subunits with calmodulin, which serves as the intrinsic Ca2+ gating subunit, as well as with protein kinase CK2 and protein phosphatase 2A, which mo Read More
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The Calcium-Sensing Receptor Beyond Extracellular Calcium Homeostasis: Conception, Development, Adult Physiology, and Disease
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 271–297More LessThe extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is the first identified G protein–coupled receptor to be activated by an ion, extracellular calcium (Ca2+). Since the identification of the CaSR in 1993, genetic mutations in the CaSR gene, and murine models in which CaSR expression has been manipulated, have clearly demonstrated the importance of this receptor in the maintenance of stable, free, ionized Ca2+ concentration Read More
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Cell Biology and Pathology of Podocytes
Anna Greka, and Peter MundelVol. 74 (2012), pp. 299–323More LessAs an integral member of the filtration barrier in the kidney glomerulus, the podocyte is in a unique geographical position: It is exposed to chemical signals from the urinary space (Bowman's capsule), it receives and transmits chemical and mechanical signals to/from the glomerular basement membrane upon which it elaborates, and it receives chemical and mechanical signals from the vascular space with which it also commu Read More
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A New Look at Electrolyte Transport in the Distal Tubule
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 325–349More LessThe distal nephron plays a critical role in the renal control of homeostasis. Until very recently most studies focused on the control of Na+, K+, and water balance by principal cells of the collecting duct and the regulation of solute and water by hormones from the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and by antidiuretic hormone. However, recent studies have revealed the unexpected importance of renal intercalated cells, a su Read More
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Renal Function in Diabetic Disease Models: The Tubular System in the Pathophysiology of the Diabetic Kidney
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 351–375More LessDiabetes mellitus affects the kidney in stages. At the onset of diabetes mellitus, in a subset of diabetic patients the kidneys grow large, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) becomes supranormal, which are risk factors for developing diabetic nephropathy later in life. This review outlines a pathophysiological concept that focuses on the tubular system to explain these changes. The concept includes the tubular hypothesis of Read More
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Autophagy in Pulmonary Diseases
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 377–401More Less(Macro)autophagy provides a membrane-dependent mechanism for the sequestration, transport, and lysosomal turnover of subcellular components, including proteins and organelles. In this capacity, autophagy maintains basal cellular homeostasis and healthy organelle populations such as mitochondria. During starvation, autophagy prolongs cell survival by recycling metabolic precursors from intracellular macromol Read More
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Stop the Flow: A Paradigm for Cell Signaling Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species in the Pulmonary Endothelium
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 403–424More LessThe lung endothelium is exposed to mechanical stimuli through shear stress arising from blood flow and responds to altered shear by activation of NADPH (NOX2) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review describes the pathway for NOX2 activation and the downstream ROS-mediated signaling events on the basis of studies of isolated lungs and flow-adapted endothelial cells in vitro that are subjected to acute Read More
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The Molecular Control of Meiotic Chromosomal Behavior: Events in Early Meiotic Prophase in Drosophila Oocytes
Vol. 74 (2012), pp. 425–451More LessWe review the critical events in early meiotic prophase in Drosophila melanogaster oocytes. We focus on four aspects of this process: the formation of the synaptonemal complex (SC) and its role in maintaining homologous chromosome pairings, the critical roles of the meiosis-specific process of centromere clustering in the formation of a full-length SC, the mechanisms by which preprogrammed double-strand breaks initiate meio Read More
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 86 (2024)
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Volume 85 (2023)
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Volume 84 (2022)
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Volume 83 (2021)
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Volume 82 (2020)
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Volume 81 (2019)
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Volume 80 (2018)
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Volume 79 (2017)
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Volume 78 (2016)
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Volume 77 (2015)
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Volume 76 (2014)
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Volume 75 (2013)
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Volume 74 (2012)
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Volume 73 (2011)
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Volume 72 (2010)
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Volume 71 (2009)
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Volume 70 (2008)
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Volume 69 (2007)
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Volume 68 (2006)
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Volume 67 (2005)
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Volume 66 (2004)
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Volume 65 (2003)
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Volume 64 (2002)
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Volume 63 (2001)
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Volume 62 (2000)
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Volume 61 (1999)
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Volume 60 (1998)
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Volume 59 (1997)
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Volume 58 (1996)
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Volume 57 (1995)
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Volume 56 (1994)
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Volume 55 (1993)
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Volume 54 (1992)
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Volume 53 (1991)
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Volume 52 (1990)
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Volume 51 (1989)
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Volume 50 (1988)
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Volume 49 (1987)
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Volume 48 (1986)
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Volume 47 (1985)
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Volume 46 (1984)
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Volume 45 (1983)
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Volume 44 (1982)
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Volume 43 (1981)
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Volume 42 (1980)
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Volume 41 (1979)
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Volume 40 (1978)
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Volume 39 (1977)
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Volume 38 (1976)
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Volume 37 (1975)
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Volume 36 (1974)
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Volume 35 (1973)
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Volume 34 (1972)
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Volume 33 (1971)
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Volume 32 (1970)
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Volume 31 (1969)
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Volume 30 (1968)
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Volume 29 (1967)
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Volume 28 (1966)
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Volume 27 (1965)
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Volume 26 (1964)
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Volume 25 (1963)
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Volume 24 (1962)
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Volume 23 (1961)
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Volume 22 (1960)
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Volume 21 (1959)
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Volume 20 (1958)
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Volume 19 (1957)
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Volume 18 (1956)
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Volume 17 (1955)
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Volume 16 (1954)
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Volume 15 (1953)
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Volume 14 (1952)
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Volume 13 (1951)
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Volume 12 (1950)
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Volume 11 (1949)
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Volume 10 (1948)
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Volume 9 (1947)
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Volume 8 (1946)
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Volume 7 (1945)
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Volume 6 (1944)
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Volume 5 (1943)
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Volume 4 (1942)
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Volume 3 (1941)
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Volume 2 (1940)
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Volume 1 (1939)
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Volume 0 (1932)