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- Volume 50, 2012
Annual Review of Phytopathology - Volume 50, 2012
Volume 50, 2012
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An Ideal Job
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 1–14More LessA brief personal history illustrates how fortunate I was to have stumbled into a career in plant pathology, which turned out to be the ideal job for me. Several of the people who steered me or facilitated my development in research on plant diseases are mentioned. Starting with my PhD research, I have had the good fortune to indulge a career-long fascination with epidemiology and genetics of disease resistance in plant Read More
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Arthur Kelman: Tribute and Remembrance
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 15–21More LessWith the death of Professor Arthur Kelman at age 90, the plant sciences, and particularly the field of plant pathology, lost one of its most influential and effective leaders. His long career involved important positions in the Departments of Plant Pathology at North Carolina State University (1949–1965) and the University of Wisconsin (1965–1989). Recognized not only for his achievements in research and his charismatic influence Read More
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Stagonospora nodorum: From Pathology to Genomics and Host Resistance
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 23–43More LessStagonospora nodorum is a major necrotrophic pathogen of wheat that causes the diseases S. nodorum leaf and glume blotch. A series of tools and resources, including functional genomics, a genome sequence, proteomics and metabolomics, host-mapping populations, and a worldwide collection of isolates, have enabled the dissection of pathogenicity mechanisms. Metabolic and signaling genes required for pathogenicit Read More
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Apple Replant Disease: Role of Microbial Ecology in Cause and Control
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 45–65More LessReplant disease of apple is common to all major apple growing regions of the world. Difficulties in defining disease etiology, which can be exacerbated by abiotic factors, have limited progress toward developing alternatives to soil fumigation for disease control. However, the preponderance of data derived from studies of orchard soil biology employing multidisciplinary approaches has defined a complex of pa Read More
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Pathogenomics of the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 67–89More LessRalstonia solanacearum is a major phytopathogen that attacks many crops and other plants over a broad geographical range. The extensive genetic diversity of strains responsible for the various bacterial wilt diseases has in recent years led to the concept of an R. solanacearum species complex. Genome sequencing of more than 10 strains representative of the main phylogenetic groups has broadened our knowledge of Read More
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The Genomics of Obligate (and Nonobligate) Biotrophs
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 91–109More LessBiotrophy is a pervasive trait that evolved independently in plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Comparative genomics of the first sequenced biotrophic pathogens highlight remarkable convergences, including gene losses in the metabolism of inorganic nitrogen, inorganic sulfur, and thiamine, and genes encoding carbohydrate active enzymes and secondary metabolism enzymes. Some biotrophs, but not all, display m Read More
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Genome-Enabled Perspectives on the Composition, Evolution, and Expression of Virulence Determinants in Bacterial Plant Pathogens
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 111–132More LessGenome sequence analyses of bacterial plant pathogens are revealing important insights into the molecular determinants of pathogenicity and, through transcript characterization, responses to environmental conditions, evidence for small RNAs, and validation of uncharacterized genes. Genome comparison sheds further light on the processes impacting pathogen evolution and differences in gene repertoire among isolat Read More
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Suppressive Composts: Microbial Ecology Links Between Abiotic Environments and Healthy Plants
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 133–153More LessSuppressive compost provides an environment in which plant disease development is reduced, even in the presence of a pathogen and a susceptible host. Despite the numerous positive reports, its practical application is still limited. The main reason for this is the lack of reliable prediction and quality control tools for evaluation of the level and specificity of the suppression effect. Plant disease suppression is the di Read More
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Plant Defense Compounds: Systems Approaches to Metabolic Analysis
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 155–173More LessSystems biology attempts to answer biological questions by integrating across diverse genomic data sets. With the increasing ability to conduct genomics experiments, this integrative approach is being rapidly applied across numerous biological research communities. One of these research communities investigates how plants utilize secondary metabolites or defense metabolites to defend against attack by pathogens and ot Read More
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Role of Nematode Peptides and Other Small Molecules in Plant Parasitism
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 175–195More LessMolecular, genetic, and biochemical studies are demonstrating an increasingly important role of peptide signaling in nematode parasitism of plants. To date, the majority of nematode-secreted peptides identified share similarity with plant CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE) peptides, but bioinformatics analyses of nematode genomes have revealed sequences homologous to other classes of plant peptide hormones that may be utilized by these p Read More
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New Grower-Friendly Methods for Plant Pathogen Monitoring*
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 197–218More LessAccurate plant disease diagnoses and rapid detection and identification of plant pathogens are of utmost importance for controlling plant diseases and mitigating the economic losses they incur. Technological advances have increasingly simplified the tools available for the identification of pathogens to the extent that, in some cases, this can be done directly by growers and producers themselves. Commercially available im Read More
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Somatic Hybridization in the Uredinales
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 219–239More LessRust fungi are cosmopolitan in distribution and parasitize a wide range of plants, including economically important crop species such as wheat. Detailed regional, national, and continental surveys of pathogenic variability in wheat-attacking rust pathogens over periods of up to 90 years have shown that in the absence of sexual recombination, genetic diversity is generated by periodic introduction of exotic isolates, single-step Read More
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Interrelationships of Food Safety and Plant Pathology: The Life Cycle of Human Pathogens on Plants
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 241–266More LessBacterial food-borne pathogens use plants as vectors between animal hosts, all the while following the life cycle script of plant-associated bacteria. Similar to phytobacteria, Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli, and cross-domain pathogens have a foothold in agricultural production areas. The commonality of environmental contamination translates to contact with plants. Because of the chronic absence of kill steps against Read More
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Plant Immunity to Necrotrophs
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 267–294More LessPlants inhabit environments crowded with infectious microbes that pose constant threats to their survival. Necrotrophic pathogens are notorious for their aggressive and wide-ranging virulence strategies that promote host cell death and acquire nutrients for growth and reproduction from dead cells. This lifestyle constitutes the axis of their pathogenesis and virulence strategies and marks contrasting immune responses to biotro Read More
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Mechanisms and Evolution of Virulence in Oomycetes
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 295–318More LessMany destructive diseases of plants and animals are caused by oomycetes, a group of eukaryotic pathogens important to agricultural, ornamental, and natural ecosystems. Understanding the mechanisms underlying oomycete virulence and the genomic processes by which those mechanisms rapidly evolve is essential to developing effective long-term control measures for oomycete diseases. Several common mechanisms und Read More
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Variation and Selection of Quantitative Traits in Plant Pathogens
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 319–338More LessThe first section presents the quantitative traits of pathogenicity that are most commonly measured by plant pathologists, how the expression of those traits is influenced by environmental factors, and why the traits must be taken into account for understanding pathogen evolution in agricultural systems. Particular attention is given to the shared genetic control of these traits by the host and the pathogen. Next, the re Read More
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Gall Midges (Hessian Flies) as Plant Pathogens
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 339–357More LessGall midges constitute an important group of plant-parasitic insects. The Hessian fly (HF; Mayetiola destructor), the most investigated gall midge, was the first insect hypothesized to have a gene-for-gene interaction with its host plant, wheat (Triticum spp.). Recent investigations support that hypothesis. The minute larval mandibles appear to act in a manner that is analogous to nematode stylets and the haustoria of filamento Read More
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Phytophthora Beyond Agriculture
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 359–378More LessLittle is known about indigenous Phytophthora species in natural ecosystems. Increasing evidence, however, suggests that a diverse, trophically complex Phytophthora community is important in many forests. The number of described species has steadily increased, with a dramatic spike in recent years as new species have been split from old and new species have been discovered through exploration of new habitats. Forest Read More
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Landscape Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Natural and Human-Altered Ecosystems
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 379–402More LessA central challenge to studying emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) is a landscape dilemma: Our best empirical understanding of disease dynamics occurs at local scales, whereas pathogen invasions and management occur over broad spatial extents. The burgeoning field of landscape epidemiology integrates concepts and approaches from disease ecology with the macroscale lens of landscape ecology, enabling exami Read More
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Diversity and Natural Functions of Antibiotics Produced by Beneficial and Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 403–424More LessSoil- and plant-associated environments harbor numerous bacteria that produce antibiotic metabolites with specific or broad-spectrum activities against coexisting microorganisms. The function and ecological importance of antibiotics have long been assumed to yield a survival advantage to the producing bacteria in the highly competitive but resource-limited soil environments through direct suppression. Although specific ant Read More
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 62 (2024)
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Volume 61 (2023)
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Volume 60 (2022)
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Volume 59 (2021)
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Volume 58 (2020)
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Volume 57 (2019)
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Volume 56 (2018)
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Volume 55 (2017)
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Volume 54 (2016)
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Volume 53 (2015)
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Volume 52 (2014)
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Volume 51 (2013)
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Volume 50 (2012)
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Volume 49 (2011)
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Volume 48 (2010)
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Volume 47 (2009)
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Volume 46 (2008)
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Volume 45 (2007)
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Volume 44 (2006)
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Volume 43 (2005)
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Volume 42 (2004)
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Volume 41 (2003)
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Volume 40 (2002)
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Volume 39 (2001)
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Volume 38 (2000)
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Volume 37 (1999)
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Volume 36 (1998)
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Volume 35 (1997)
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Volume 34 (1996)
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Volume 33 (1995)
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Volume 32 (1994)
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Volume 31 (1993)
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Volume 30 (1992)
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Volume 29 (1991)
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Volume 28 (1990)
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Volume 27 (1989)
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Volume 26 (1988)
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Volume 25 (1987)
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Volume 24 (1986)
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Volume 23 (1985)
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Volume 22 (1984)
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Volume 21 (1983)
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Volume 20 (1982)
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Volume 19 (1981)
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Volume 18 (1980)
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Volume 17 (1979)
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Volume 16 (1978)
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Volume 15 (1977)
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Volume 14 (1976)
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Volume 13 (1975)
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Volume 12 (1974)
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Volume 11 (1973)
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Volume 10 (1972)
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Volume 9 (1971)
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Volume 8 (1970)
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Volume 7 (1969)
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Volume 6 (1968)
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Volume 5 (1967)
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Volume 4 (1966)
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Volume 3 (1965)
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Volume 2 (1964)
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Volume 1 (1963)
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Volume 0 (1932)