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I’m Glad You Asked: Answering Critical Justice Questions
Jason A. Colquitt and Kate P. Zipay of the Terry College of Business at the University of Georgia discuss their article “Justice Fairness and Employee Reactions” which they wrote for the 2015 Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior.
Statistics of Extremes: Animation 1
An animation from the 2015 review by A.C. Davison and R. Huser "Statistics of Extremes" from the Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application.
Illustration of the Extremal Types Theorem. For increasing values of n the left panels display the distribution of the maximum Z n of n independent uniform (top row) standard Gaussian (second row) unit exponential (third row) and 0.2-Pareto (bottom row) i.e. F(y) = 1 − y −0.2 y > 1 random variables. The right panels display the distribution of an −1 (Zn − bn ) for appropriate sequences an > 0 and bn . In each case Zn is asymptotically degenerate whereas an −1 (Zn − bn ) is not.
Statistics of Extremes: Animation 2
An animation from the 2015 review by A.C. Davison and R. Huser "Statistics of Extremes" from the Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application.
Illustration of the point process of exceedances and the convergence to the GPD. For increasing values of n the plots display the point process of rescaled times and rescaled variables namely (j/(n + 1) (Yj − bn )/an ) for data simulated from the uniform (top left) standard Gaussian (top right) unit exponential (bottom left) and 0.2-Pareto distributions. The side plots are histograms of the exceedances over the threshold u (horizontal blue line) i.e. an −1(Yj − bn )|an −1(Yj − bn ) > u. The solid red curves are the corresponding asymptotic GPD densities.
Statistics of Extremes: Animation 3
An animation from the 2015 review by A.C. Davison and R. Huser "Statistics of Extremes" from the Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application.
Illustration of extremal clustering for data simulated from an ARMAX(a) process with a ≥ 0 i.e. Yj = max(aY j−1 Zj ) j = 1 2 . . . where the Zj are independent unit Frechet random variables. The extremal index for this process is θ = max(1 a)/(1 + a) so extreme events form clusters with mean size 2 when a = 1. The value of a increases from a = 0 to a = 4 throughout the animation.
Statistics of Extremes: Animation 4
An animation from the 2015 review by A.C. Davison and R. Huser "Statistics of Extremes" from the Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application.
Illustration of the estimation of low-probability events. The upper panels display asymptotically dependent (left) and asymptotically independent (right) data along with a target extreme region A. The numbers correspond to the true probability p that a point lies in A (black) its naive empirical estimate pˆ (red ) its estimate pˆ D under asymptotic dependence using Equation 12 (blue) and its estimate pˆ I under asymptotic independence using Equation 23 (purple). For pˆ D and pˆ I extrapolation is based on the empirical estimate at the 0.95 level (dashed blue lines) and pˆ I uses an estimate ηˆ of the coefficient of tail dependence proposed in an article by Ledford & Tawn (1996). The bottom panels show these probabilities as a function of the threshold (i.e. the x-coordinate of the lower left corner of A).
Statistics of Extremes: Animation 5
An animation from the 2015 review by A.C. Davison and R. Huser "Statistics of Extremes" from the Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application.
Illustration of the point process of exceedances in the bivariate framework for increasing n. The upper left panel displays bivariate Student t data with 2 degrees of freedom and standard Pareto marginals rescaled by n. These data are asymptotically dependent. The right-hand panels show the corresponding histograms of the pseudoradius R and pseudoangle W for points lying above the threshold defined by R > 10−2 (solid blue line) with limiting densities superimposed in red. The bottom plots illustrate the Gaussian case which is asymptotically independent; here the limiting distribution of W places equal point masses of .5 at w = 0 and w = 1 and it has no mass elsewhere.
Statistics of Extremes: Animation 6
An animation from the 2015 review by A.C. Davison and R. Huser "Statistics of Extremes" from the Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application.
Illustration of the construction and simulation of a max-stable process here a unidimensional Smith model. A large (but in theory infinite) number of random storms with random decreasing sizes are generated (light gray curves) and the resulting max-stable process corresponds to the pointwise supremum (black curve).
The Impact of Toxins on the Developing Brain: Video 1
A video from the 2015 review by Bruce P. Lanphear "The Impact of Toxins on the Developing Brain" from the Annual Review of Public Health.
Shown: Subtle shifts in the intellectual abilities of individual children from widespread exposures to toxins can have a big impact on the number of children in a population who are intellectually challenged or gifted.
The Impact of Toxins on the Developing Brain: Video 2
A video from the 2015 review by Bruce P. Lanphear "The Impact of Toxins on the Developing Brain" from the Annual Review of Public Health.
Shown: Using a nationally representative study of US children this video illustrates how subtle shifts in ADHD symptoms from childhood lead exposure and prenatal tobacco exposure result in a large increase in the percent of U.S. children who have ADHD.
A Conversation with Hanna Pitkin
Hanna Pitkin Professor Emerita of Political Science at the University of California Berkeley talks about her life and career with Nancy Rosenblum Professor of Ethics and Politics in Government at Harvard University and Co-Editor of the Annual Review of Political Science. Dr. Pitkin discusses her childhood growing up between two "Jewish intellectual left-wingers" who fled 1930s Germany to Oslo Prague and eventually Los Angeles. She describes how her refugee status and acquisition of new languages led her to become a scholar in political science. In 1967 she published "The Concept of Representation" which won the 2003 Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science "for her groundbreaking theoretical work predominantly on the problem of representation." She went on to study other topics such as gender and politics in Machiavelli and Hannah Arendt's concept of "the Social."
A Conversation with Oliver Smithies
Professor Oliver Smithies is the Weatherspoon Eminent Distinguished Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill. Along with Mario Capecchi and Martin Evans Oliver was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in Physiology or Medicine in 2007 for his contributions to the development of gene targeting using homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. This technique has had an immense impact on biomedical research over the past two decades. Professor Smithies has had a long and distinguished career as a researcher and mentor. Here he engages in an entertaining and enlightening discussion of his life in science with Dr. Tom Coffman professor of medicine at Duke University.
Pilot-Wave Hydrodynamics: Supplemental Video 1
A supplemental video from the 2015 review by John W.M. Bush "Pilot-Wave Hydrodynamics" from the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics.
Shown: The pilot-wave dynamics of walking droplets. Reproduced with permission from Harris & Bush (2014). Copyright 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
A Conversation with Susan Band Horwitz
The Clinical Assessment of Intraventricular Flows: Supplemental Video 1
A supplemental video from the 2015 review by Javier Bermejo Pablo Martínez-Legazpi and Juan C. del Álamo "The Clinical Assessment of Intraventricular Flows" from the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics.
Shown: Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging sequence of 3D intraventricular flow performed in a pig’s heart showing flow velocity vectors and isosurfaces representing a constant value of the swirling strength which are used to visualize vortices and are colored using the value of local vorticity. The LV and RV chambers are shaded in red and blue respectively.
The Clinical Assessment of Intraventricular Flows: Supplemental Video 2
A supplemental video from the 2015 review by Javier Bermejo Pablo Martínez-Legazpi and Juan C. del Álamo "The Clinical Assessment of Intraventricular Flows" from the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics.
Shown: 2D+t flow field sequence (apical long axis view) in the left ventricle of a patient with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy obtained from color Doppler echocardiography and superimposed on an bright mode ultrasound image sequence depicting the ventricle anatomy. The instantaneous streamlines are shown with black lines and the velocity vector is indicated by the color map. The inset of the upper right corner shows a similar sequence for a normal volunteer.
The Clinical Assessment of Intraventricular Flows: Supplemental Video 3
A supplemental video from the 2015 review by Javier Bermejo Pablo Martínez-Legazpi and Juan C. del Álamo "The Clinical Assessment of Intraventricular Flows" from the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics.
Shown: Time evolution of Finite-time Lyapunov exponent obained in a human volunteer by 2D+t color Doppler echocardiography indicanting Lagrangian coherent structures in left-ventricular flow.
Beneath Our Feet: Strategies for Locomotion in Granular Media: Supplemental Video 1
A supplemental video from the 2015 review by A.E. Hosoi and Daniel I. Goldman "Beneath Our Feet: Strategies for Locomotion in Granular Media" from the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics.
Shown: E. directus (razor clam) digging through saturated glass beads at 10× speed. Video appears courtesy of Amos Winter and A.E. Hosoi.
Beneath Our Feet: Strategies for Locomotion in Granular Media: Supplemental Video 2
A supplemental video from the 2015 review by A.E. Hosoi and Daniel I. Goldman "Beneath Our Feet: Strategies for Locomotion in Granular Media" from the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics.
Shown: Burial and swimming in dry granular media. Video appears courtesy of Sarah S. Sharpe and Daniel I. Goldman School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology.
Beneath Our Feet: Strategies for Locomotion in Granular Media: Supplemental Video 3
A supplemental video from the 2015 review by A.E. Hosoi and Daniel I. Goldman "Beneath Our Feet: Strategies for Locomotion in Granular Media" from the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics.
Shown: C. elegans moving through a wet granular medium of 98-μm particles. Video appears courtesy of Sunghwan Jung Stella Lee and Aravinthan Samuel.
Fountains in Industry and Nature: Supplemental Video 1
Molecular Mechanisms by Which Marine Phytoplankton Respond to Their Dynamic Chemical Environment: Video 1
A video from the 2015 review by Brian Palenik "Molecular Mechanisms by Which Marine Phytoplankton Respond to Their Dynamic Chemical Environment" from the Annual Review of Marine Science.
Shown: Time-lapse image series of light production from two Synechococcus elongatus strains that carry a gene encoding the firefly luciferase reporter enzyme. The strains were inoculated onto agar plates in the shape of a moon and sun and their luciferase genes are driven by different regulatory DNA elements that cause gene activity to peak with opposite phases approximately 12 h apart. Video created by Shannon Mackey Mark Zoran and Susan Golden at the Department of Biology Texas A&M University and provided courtesy of Susan Golden Center for Chronobiology University of California San Diego.
Gecko Adhesion as a Model System for Integrative Biology, Interdisciplinary Science, and Bioinspired Engineering: Video 1
A video from the 2014 review by Kellar Autumn Peter Niewiarowski and Jonathan B. Puthoff "Gecko Adhesion as a Model System for Integrative Biology Interdisciplinary Science and Bioinspired Engineering" from the Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics.
Shown: Zoom into the tokay gecko’s adhesive system from the macro- to nanoscales. For information on the helium ion scanning electron microscopy technique used in this video see Yang et al. (2011).
Gecko Adhesion as a Model System for Integrative Biology, Interdisciplinary Science, and Bioinspired Engineering: Video 2
A video from the 2014 review by Kellar Autumn Peter Niewiarowski and Jonathan B. Puthoff "Gecko Adhesion as a Model System for Integrative Biology Interdisciplinary Science and Bioinspired Engineering" from the Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics.
Video and animation illustrating the mechanical requirements for attachment and detachment of a single isolated gecko seta (Autumn et al. 2000). The video shows a single seta glued to a minutien pin. The vertical bar at the left side is a 25-μm aluminum wire force gauge. Initial attempts to adhere a single isolated seta to a surface failed because we simply touched the tip of the seta into the surface and pulled away vertically. Instead a slight preload force followed by a micrometer-scale drag along the direction of curvature of the seta (i.e. toward the rear of the animal) switches the spatulae from their default unloaded state to the adhered state. The seta can now sustain a perpendicular pull because the adhesive van der Waals forces at the spatula tips resist detachment. Detachment occurs when the angle between the setal shaft and the surface exceeds 30°. This experiment illustrates the mechanical program for attachment and detachment required for controllable adhesion in gecko setae.
Gecko Adhesion as a Model System for Integrative Biology, Interdisciplinary Science, and Bioinspired Engineering: Video 3
A video from the 2014 review by Kellar Autumn Peter Niewiarowski and Jonathan B. Puthoff "Gecko Adhesion as a Model System for Integrative Biology Interdisciplinary Science and Bioinspired Engineering" from the Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics.
Toe peeling (digital hyperextension) during climbing by a tokay gecko. The motion of gecko toes is superficially similar to that of peeling tape. However because adhesion of gecko toes is governed by the micro-mechanics of their setae a tape peeling model can be rejected (Autumn et al. 2006a). In contrast to the peeling of tape gecko toes function by “frictional adhesion”: Pull-off forces increase linearly with shear load and detach when the angle of the resultant force exceeds 30° relative to the surface.
Gecko Adhesion as a Model System for Integrative Biology, Interdisciplinary Science, and Bioinspired Engineering: Video 4
A video from the 2014 review by Kellar Autumn Peter Niewiarowski and Jonathan B. Puthoff "Gecko Adhesion as a Model System for Integrative Biology Interdisciplinary Science and Bioinspired Engineering" from the Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics.
Video 4 shows how gecko setae are slippery not sticky when pushed away from the animal against the direction of curvature of the setae (this is the opposite direction geckos use when they climb). In the lower left a compression force (blue line) develops during the load step. Friction (shear force) is approximately 0.25 of the compression force as expected for conventional friction of hard dry materials in contact. There is no measurable adhesion when setae are pushed against their curvature: This is the anti-adhesive direction.
Gecko Adhesion as a Model System for Integrative Biology, Interdisciplinary Science, and Bioinspired Engineering: Video 5
A video from the 2014 review by Kellar Autumn Peter Niewiarowski and Jonathan B. Puthoff "Gecko Adhesion as a Model System for Integrative Biology Interdisciplinary Science and Bioinspired Engineering" from the Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics.
Video 5 shows how gecko setae adhere when preloaded and dragged along the direction of curvature of the setae (this is in the same direction geckos use when they climb). In the lower left the normal force (blue line) is compressive initially during the load step but immediately following the drag step strong adhesion occurs (negative normal force) and the setae are drawn into tension. Notably adhesion is sustained even as the setae slide across the substrate. The lower right plot illustrates frictional adhesion: Adhesion is coupled to friction and the resultant force angle is approximately 30°. Adhesion is controlled by the shear force. During the pull step shear force decreases and adhesion returns to zero without the tacky behavior common to conventional adhesive tapes.
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 1
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: Biphasic neutrophil swarming response to focal tissue damage
Bone marrow-derived neutrophils from C57BL/6 mice were CMFDA-labeled and injected intradermally into the ventral ear skin of a Tyrc-2J/c-2J mouse 3 h before laser-induced focal tissue damage. This representative video shows the biphasic chemotactic response of neutrophils (pseudo-colored in green) sensing the focal tissue damage (autofluorescence green) (left) within the fibrous collagenous connective tissue of the ear skin dermis (visualized by second harmonic generation white) (right).
Original publication: Lämmermann T Afonso PV Angermann BR Wang JM Kastenmuller W et al. 2013. Neutrophil swarms require LTB4 and integrins at sites of cell death in vivo. Nature 498:371–75
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 2
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: Congregating neutrophils displace fibrous collagen bundles from the wound center
This video shows the collagenous fiber network (visualized by second harmonic generation) as neutrophils accumulate at the focal damage site in the dermis of a LysMgfp/+Tyrc-2J/c-2J mouse. Fiber bundles are displaced over time in the x-y axis. Some disappearing fibers are also displaced in the z-axis out of the imaging volume (not shown).
Original publication: Lämmermann T Afonso PV Angermann BR Wang JM Kastenmuller W et al. 2013. Neutrophil swarms require LTB4 and integrins at sites of cell death in vivo. Nature 498:371–75
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 3
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: (a) Rapid viral gene expression in SCS myeloid cells after MVA infection
Popliteal LNs from MVA NP-S-GFP(nuclear)-infected (footpad) animals were surgically exposed and analyzed by two-photon microscopy. Video shows onset of virally driven GFP expression in situ and identifies CD169+ myeloid cells as viral targets.
(b) Virally infected CD169+ myeloid cells actively move their fine processes
Popliteal LNs from MVA GFP(cytosolic)-infected (footpad) animals were surgically exposed and analyzed by two-photon microscopy. Video shows dynamic movement of infected GFP-expressing myeloid cells in situ.
Original publication: Kastenmüller W Brandes M Wang Z Herz J Egen JG Germain RN. 2013. Peripheral prepositioning and local CXCL9 chemokine-mediated guidance orchestrate rapid memory CD8+ T cell responses in the lymph node. Immunity 38:502–13
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 4
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: CXCR6-GFPbright cells are prepositioned near the LN capsule
A total of 3 × 106 CMTMR labeled naïve OT-1 T cells (red) were transferred into a CXCR6gfp/+ recipient. 24 h later the popliteal LN was surgically exposed and imaged using a two-photon microscope. The video shows a z stack (250 µm) scanned from the capsule to the paracortex of the LN.
Original publication: Kastenmüller W Torabi-Parizi P Subramanian N Lammermann T Germain RN. 2012. A spatially-organized multicellular innate immune response in lymph nodes limits systemic pathogen spread. Cell 150:1235–48
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 5
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: CXCR6-GFPbright (NKT) cells are highly motile
Popliteal LNs from CXCR6GFP/+ /CD11cYFP/+ mice were surgically exposed and analyzed by two-photon microscopy. Video shows dynamic behavior of CXCR6-GFPbright cells close to the LN capsule near the interfollicular area.
Original publication: Kastenmüller W Torabi-Parizi P Subramanian N Lammermann T Germain RN. 2012. A spatially-organized multicellular innate immune response in lymph nodes limits systemic pathogen spread. Cell 150:1235–48
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 6
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: LTB4 requirement for swarming in infected lymph nodes
Mice were infected with P. aeruginosa-GFP in the footpad before 2P-IVM was performed on the draining popliteal lymph nodes when comparable neutrophil numbers were present in the subcapsular sinus at indicated times after infection (WT: 3 h Ltb4r1−/−: 4.5 h). Neutrophil-GFP signal is pseudo-colored (heat map) to indicate neutrophil clusters (white) in WT-LysMgfp/+ mice (left) and Ltb4r1−/−LysMgfp/+ mice (right).
Original publication: Lämmermann T Afonso PV Angermann BR Wang JM Kastenmuller W et al. 2013. Neutrophil swarms require LTB4 and integrins at sites of cell death in vivo. Nature 498:371–75
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 7
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: Dynamic behavior of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the lymph node
CD4+ T cells (red) and CD8+ T cells (green) in the inguinal LN (Mandl JN Liou R Klauschen F Vrisekoop N Monteiro JP et al. 2012. Quantification of lymph node transit times reveals differences in antigen surveillance strategies of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109:18036–41).
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 8
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: T cells migrate along the FRC network
Dynamic image of T cell (red) migration along the FRC network (green). The trails of three of the T cells are highlighted in the second part of the video with colored dots to help visualize the path taken along the fibers by a given T cell.
Original publication: Bajenoff M Egen JG Koo LY Laugier JP Brau F et al. 2006. Stromal cell networks regulate lymphocyte entry migration and territoriality in lymph nodes. Immunity 25:989–1001
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 9
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: T cells exit HEVs in limited locations
A single z slice from an intravital 4D data set showing numerous T cells exiting HEV via lucent areas that appear to be gaps in the FRC sheath ("exit ramps").
Original publication: Bajenoff M Egen JG Koo LY Laugier JP Brau F et al. 2006. Stromal cell networks regulate lymphocyte entry migration and territoriality in lymph nodes. Immunity 25:989–1001
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 10
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: (a) Kinetics of naive CD8+ T cell priming
Popliteal LNs from MVA OVA-infected (footpad) animals were surgically exposed and analyzed by two-photon microscopy. Prior (24 h) to infection mice received labeled (CMFDA) naive (CD44lo) OT-I T cells. Video shows the dynamic behavior and cluster formation of OT-I T cells in the course of infection as well as the positioning of the clusters in relation to HEV.
(b) Migrational arrest of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells after infection
Popliteal LNs from MVA OVA-infected (footpad) animals were surgically exposed and analyzed by two-photon microscopy. Prior (24 h) to infection mice received labeled (CMFDA) naive (CD44lo) OT-I T cells and labeled (CTR) naive (CD44lo) polyclonal control T cells. Video shows migrational arrest of OT-I and active migration of nonspecific polyclonal CD8+ T cells.
Original publication: Kastenmuller W Brandes M Wang Z Herz J Egen JG Germain RN. 2013. Peripheral prepositioning and local CXCL9 chemokine-mediated guidance orchestrate rapid memory CD8+ T cell responses in the lymph node. Immunity 38:502–13
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 11
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: CCR5 guides naive CD8+ T cells to helped DC
Video illustrates differences in the contact frequency between CD4+ T cell helped (blue) DCs and each of the two polyclonal CD8+ T cell populations. 57 contacts are made between CD4+ T cell helped DCs and WT CD8+ T cells (red dots and circles left panel) as compared to 6 contacts between the same DCs and CCR5 −/− CD8+ T cells (green dots and circles right panel) resulting in a calculated hit rate ratio of 3.26 for WT versus CCR5 −/− CD8+ T cells interacting with DCs.
Original publication: Castellino F Huang AY Altan-Bonnet G Stoll S Scheinecker C Germain RN. 2006. Chemokines enhance immunity by guiding naive CD8+ T cells to sites of CD4+ T cell-dendritic cell interaction. Nature 440:890–95
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 12
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: (a) Recruitment of antigen-unspecific memory CD8+ T cells to the SCS area
Popliteal LNs from MVA WT-infected (footpad) mice harboring memory OT-I T cells were surgically exposed and analyzed by two-photon microscopy. Video shows recruitment to the SCS and swarming of memory OT-I T cells in the absence of cognate antigen.
(b) Recruitment of antigen-unspecific memory CD8+ T cells to the SCS area depends on CXCR3
Popliteal LNs from CD11cYFP mice infected with MVA WT (footpad) harboring WT and Cxcr3 −/− memory OT-I T cells were surgically exposed and analyzed by two-photon microscopy. Video shows differential migration patterns of WT versus Cxcr3 −/− memory OT-I T cells and swarming behavior of WT but not Cxcr3 −/− memory OT-I T cells around DCs.
Original publication: Kastenmüller W Brandes M Wang Z Herz J Egen JG Germain RN. 2013. Peripheral prepositioning and local CXCL9 chemokine-mediated guidance orchestrate rapid memory CD8+ T cell responses in the lymph node. Immunity 38:502–13
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 13
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: The calcium responses of immigrant Ag-specific B cells engaging Ag-bearing DCs immediately after exiting HEVs
(a) Immediately after exiting a HEV an MD4 B cell (red pointed by an arrowhead while still inside the HEV) engages an HEL-DC (blue) and shows an abrupt increase in Fluo-4 fluorescence indicating elevation of intracellular [Ca2+]. (b) The same video is played again showing magnified views (2×) including freeze frames to highlight the first DC contact and the subsequent onset of calcium flux by the MD4 cell. Scale bar: 20 µm.
Original publication: Qi H Egen JG Huang AY Germain RN. 2006. Extrafollicular activation of lymph node B cells by antigen-bearing dendritic cells. Science 312:1672–76
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 14
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: Sap −/− T cells fail to stably interact with B cells when examined together with Sap +/+T cells in the same LN in vivo
Sap +/+ OT-2 T cells (red) Sap −/− OT-2 T cells (green) and MD4 B cells (blue) were cotransferred into mice that had previously been immunized with HEL-OVA conjugate antigen. Intravital imaging of the draining LNs was performed 24 to 36 h after cell transfer. The circle at the beginning of this video highlights a three-cell cluster in which an MD4 B cell is engaged by both a Sap +/+ and a Sap −/− OT-2 T cell. The Sap −/− T cell then disengages quickly while the Sap +/+ T cell remains in conjugation with the B cell for a much longer period of time.
Original publication: Qi H Cannons JL Klauschen F Schwartzberg PL Germain RN. 2008. SAP-controlled T-B cell interactions underlie germinal centre formation. Nature 455:764–69
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 15
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: An isotropic ICOS-triggering field promotes coordinated actin dynamics pseudopod extension and persistent motility of T cells
After invitro activation and retroviral transduction with the LifeAct-mRubby F-actin reporter T cells were imaged by TIRF microscopy on the anti-ICOS antibody-coated lipid bilayer.
Original publication: Xu H Li X Liu D Li J Zhang X et al. 2013. Follicular T-helper cell recruitment governed by bystander B cells and ICOS-driven motility. Nature 496:523–27
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 16
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: Icos −/− T cells are impaired in pseudopod dynamics and persistent motility at the T-B border in the lymph node
GFP-expressing Icos +/+ (green) and dsRed-expressing Icos −/− (red) OT-2 T cells were imaged at the same T-B border. The image sequence was played twice (version a and b). (a) Regular 20 frames per second replay. (b) The depolarized state of both Icos +/+ (4 out of 81 ~5%) and Icos −/− T cells (12 out of 51 ~24%) is marked on six equally spaced time frames exactly as used in the quantitation procedure described in the method.
Original publication: Xu H Li X Liu D Li J Zhang X et al. 2013. Follicular T-helper cell recruitment governed by bystander B cells and ICOS-driven motility. Nature 496:523–27
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue: Video 17
A video from the 2014 review by Hai Qi Wolfgang Kastenmüller and Ronald N. Germain "Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue" from the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.
Shown: Sap −/− T cells fail to be recruited and retained in nascent GC
CFP-expressing Sap +/+ OT-2 T cells (red) GFP-expressing Sap −/− OT-2 T cells (green) and non-fluorescent MD4 B cells were cotransferred into mice that were subsequently immunized with HEL-OVA. Intravital imaging of draining LNs was performed six to eight days post immunization. CMTPX-labeled polyclonal naïve B cells (blue) were transferred one or two days prior to imaging to help demarcate follicular mantle and GC. The dotted line at the beginning of the video approximates the GC border in this maximum intensity projection.
Original publication: Qi H Cannons JL Klauschen F Schwartzberg PL Germain RN. 2008. SAP-controlled T-B cell interactions underlie germinal centre formation. Nature 455:764–69
Viral Manipulation of Plant Host Membranes: Video 2
A video from the 2014 review by Jean-François Laliberté and Huanquan Zheng "Viral Manipulation of Plant Host Membranes" from the Annual Review of Virology.
A Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV)-induced 6K2-tagged vesicle moves intercellularly. The video shows a photoactivated cell infected with TuMV expressing 6K2:PAGFP. Images were acquired every 3 s using the 40× objective of a LSM 780 confocal microscope. Reproduced with permission from Grangeon et al. Front. Microbiol. 4:351 (2013).
Three-Dimensional Imaging of Viral Infections
Introduction to the article "Three-Dimensional Imaging of Viral Infections” written by Cristina Risco Isabel Fernández de Castro and Laura Sanz-Sánchez of the National Center for Biotechnology in Madrid as well as Kedar Narayan Giovanna Grandinetti and Sriram Subramaniam of the National Cancer Institute in the United States.
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PHIRE and TWiV: Experiences in Bringing Virology to New Audiences
Graham F. Hatfull of the University of Pittsburgh introduces his article for the 2014 Annual Review of Virology titled "PHIRE and TWiV: Experiences in Bringing Virology to New Audiences."
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The Peculiarities and Paradoxes of Plasmodium Heme Metabolism: Supplemental Video 1
A supplemental video from the 2014 review by Paul A. Sigala and Daniel E. Goldberg "The Peculiarities and Paradoxes of Plasmodium Heme Metabolism" from the Annual Review of Microbiology.
Shown: In their native environment within live parasites hemozoin crystals are frequently observed to be dynamically moving within the digestive vacuole.
Viruses and the Microbiota
Julie K. Pfeiffer of the Department of Microbiology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center introduces her article for the 2014 Annual Review of Virology titled "Viruses and the Microbiota."
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Live Cell Imaging of Retroviral Entry: Video 1
A video from the 2014 review by Amy E. Hulme and Thomas J. Hope "Live Cell Imaging of Retroviral Entry" from the Annual Review of Virology.
Shown: Detection of viral fusion with live cell imaging. The fusion of Tomato-Vpr/iGFP-labeled HIV-1 with CHO cells was imaged at 37°C under a blood/gas mixture of CO2 on a DeltaVision OMX microscope. The experiment was imaged for 44 min with a Z series of images taken every 45 s. Viral fusion was observed as a decrease in GFP fluorescence after 37.5 min due to release of the fluid phase GFP marker into the cytoplasm of the cell. The Tomato-Vpr-labeled virus retained a lower amount of GFP fluorescence after fusion due to GFP localization to the interior of the capsid (Figure 1). See Figure 2 for further details.
Glycan Engagement by Viruses: Receptor Switches and Specificity
Thilo Stehle of Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry University of Tübingen introduces his article for the 2014 Annual Review of Virology titled "Glycan Engagement by Viruses: Receptor Switches and Specificity."
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