1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
  4. Volume 57, 2019
  5. Article

Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 57, 2019

Exoplanetary Atmospheres: Key Insights, Challenges, and Prospects

Abstract

Exoplanetary science is on the verge of an unprecedented revolution. The thousands of exoplanets discovered over the past decade have most recently been supplemented by discoveries of potentially habitable planets around nearby low-mass stars. Currently, the field is rapidly progressing toward detailed spectroscopic observations to characterize the atmospheres of these planets. Various surveys from space and the ground are expected to detect numerous more exoplanets orbiting nearby stars that make the planets conducive for atmospheric characterization. The current state of this frontier of exoplanetary atmospheres may be summarized as follows.

  • ▪  We have entered the era of comparative exoplanetology thanks to high-fidelity atmospheric observations now available for tens of exoplanets.
  • ▪  Recent studies reveal a rich diversity of chemical compositions and atmospheric processes hitherto unseen in the Solar System.
  • ▪  Elemental abundances of exoplanetary atmospheres place important constraints on exoplanetary formation and migration histories.
  • ▪  Upcoming observational facilities promise to revolutionize exoplanetary spectroscopy down to rocky exoplanets.
  • ▪  The detection of a biosignature in an exoplanetary atmosphere is conceivable over the next decade.
In the present review, we discuss the modern and future landscape of this frontier area of exoplanetary atmospheres. We start with a brief review of the area, emphasising the key insights gained from different observationalmethods and theoretical studies. This is followed by an in-depth discussion of the state of the art, challenges, and future prospects in three forefront branches of the area.

Keyword(s): atmospheric composition, extrasolar planets, habitability, planet formation, spectroscopy
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051846
2019-08-18
2024-07-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/astro/57/1/annurev-astro-081817-051846.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051846&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Ali-Dib M 2017. MNRAS 467:2845–54
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Ali-Dib M, Mousis O, Petit J-M, Lunine JI 2014. Ap. J. 785:125
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Alibert Y 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 606:A69
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Allart R, Bourrier V, Lovis C 2018. Science 362:1384–87
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Anglada-Escudé G, Amado PJ, Barnes J 2016. Nature 536:437–40
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Arcangeli J, Désert J-M, Line MR 2018. Ap. J. Lett. 855:L30
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Asplund M, Grevesse N, Sauval AJ, Scott P 2009. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47:481–522
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Astudillo-Defru N, Rojo P 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 557:A56
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Atreya SK, Crida A, Guillot T 2018. Saturn in the 21st Century KH Baines, FM Flasar, N Krupp, T Stallard5–43 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Barber RJ, Strange JK, Hill C 2014. MNRAS 437:1828–35
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Barber RJ, Tennyson J, Harris GJ, Tolchenov RN 2006. MNRAS 368:1087–94
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Barman T 2007. Ap. J. Lett. 661:L191–94
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Barman TS, Hauschildt PH, Allard F 2005. Ap. J. 632:1132–39
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Barman TS, Konopacky QM, Macintosh B, Marois C 2015. Ap. J. 804:61
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Barman TS, Macintosh B, Konopacky QM, Marois C 2011. Ap. J. 733:65
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Barstow JK, Aigrain S, Irwin PGJ, Sing DK 2017. Ap. J. 834:50
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Batalha NE, Lewis NK, Line MR, Valenti J, Stevenson K 2018. Ap. J. Lett. 856:L34
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Batalha NE, Mandell A, Pontoppidan K 2017. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 129:064501
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Bean JL, Stevenson KB, Batalha NM 2018. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 130:114402
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Beatty TG, Madhusudhan N, Tsiaras A 2017. Astron. J. 154:158
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Beichman CA, Greene TP 2018. Handbook of Exoplanets ed. HJ Deeg, JA Belmonte, pp. 1283–308. Cham, Switz.: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Bell TJ, Cowan NB 2018. Ap. J. Lett. 857:L20
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Benneke B, Seager S 2013. Ap. J. 778:153
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Birkby JL 2018. Handbook of Exoplanets HJ Deeg, JA Belmonte1485–508 Cham, Switz.: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Birkby JL, de Kok RJ, Brogi M 2013. MNRAS 436:L35–39
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Birkby JL, de Kok RJ, Brogi M, Schwarz H, Snellen IAG 2017. Astron. J. 153:138
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Blecic J, Dobbs-Dixon I, Greene T 2017. Ap. J. 848:127
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Bolcar MR, Feinberg L, France K 2016. Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2016: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave HA MacEwen, GG Fazio, M LystrupProc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 990499040J. Bellingham, WA: SPIE
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Bonnefoy M, Zurlo A, Baudino JL 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 587:A58
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Booth RA, Clarke CJ 2018. MNRAS 473:757–64
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Booth RA, Clarke CJ, Madhusudhan N, Ilee JD 2017. MNRAS 469:3994–4011
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Bourrier V, Lecavelier des Etangs A, Dupuy H 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 551:A63
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Bourrier V, Lecavelier des Etangs A, Ehrenreich D, Tanaka YA, Vidotto AA 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 591:A121
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Bourrier V, Lecavelier des Etangs A, Ehrenreich D 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 620:A147
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Boutle IA, Mayne NJ, Drummond B 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 601:A120
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Brogi M, de Kok RJ, Albrecht S 2016. Ap. J. 817:106
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Brogi M, de Kok RJ, Birkby JL, Schwarz H, Snellen IAG 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 565:A124
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Brogi M, Line M, Bean J, Désert J-M, Schwarz H 2017. Ap. J. Lett. 839:L2
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Brogi M, Snellen IAG, de Kok RJ 2012. Nature 486:502–4
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Brogi M, Snellen IAG, de Kok RJ 2013. Ap. J. 767:27
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Burningham B, Marley MS, Line MR 2017. MNRAS 470:1177–97
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Burrows A, Budaj J, Hubeny I 2008. Ap. J. 678:1436–57
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Burrows A, Sharp CM 1999. Ap. J. 512:843–63
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Cabot SHC, Madhusudhan N, Hawker GA, Gandhi S 2019. MNRAS 482:4422–36
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Casasayas-Barris N, Pallé E, Nowak G 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 608:A135
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Casasayas-Barris N, Pallé E, Yan F 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 616:A151
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Catling DC, Krissansen-Totton J, Kiang NY 2018. Astrobiology 18:709–38
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Cauley PW, Shkolnik EL, Ilyin I 2019. Astron. J. 157:69
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Charbonneau D, Brown TM, Noyes RW, Gilliland RL 2002. Ap. J. 568:377–84
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Charbonneau D, Knutson HA, Barman T 2008. Ap. J. 686:1341–48
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Chen G, Pallé E, Nortmann L 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 600:L11
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Chen G, Pallé E, Welbanks L 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 616:A145
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Chilcote J, Pueyo L, De Rosa RJ 2017. Astron. J. 153:182
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Colón KD, Ford EB, Redfield S 2012. MNRAS 419:2233–50
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Cridland AJ, Pudritz RE, Alessi M 2016. MNRAS 461:3274–95
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Cridland AJ, Pudritz RE, Birnstiel T, Cleeves LI, Bergin EA 2017. MNRAS 469:3910–27
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Crossfield IJM, Kreidberg L 2017. Astron. J. 154:261
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Crouzet N, McCullough PR, Deming D, Madhusudhan N 2014. Ap. J. 795:166
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Damiano M, Morello G, Tsiaras A, Zingales T, Tinetti G 2017. Astron. J. 154:39
     [Google Scholar]
  60. de Wit J, Gillon M, Demory B-O, Seager S 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 548:A128
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Deibert EK, de Mooij EJW, Jayawardhana R 2019. Astron. J. 157:58
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Deming D, Seager S, Richardson LJ, Harrington J 2005. Nature 434:740–43
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Deming D, Seager S, Winn J 2009. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 121:952
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Deming D, Wilkins A, McCullough P 2013. Ap. J. 774:95
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Demory B-O, de Wit J, Lewis N 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 776:L25
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Demory B-O, Gillon M, de Wit J 2016. Nature 532:207–9
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Dobbs-Dixon I, Cowan NB 2017. Ap. J. Lett. 851:L26
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Drummond B, Mayne NJ, Baraffe I 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 612:A105
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Drummond B, Tremblin P, Baraffe I 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 594:A69
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Ehrenreich D, Bourrier V, Bonfils X 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 547:A18
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Ehrenreich D, Bourrier V, Wheatley PJ 2015. Nature 522:459–61
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Eistrup C, Walsh C, van Dishoeck EF 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 595:A83
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Eistrup C, Walsh C, van Dishoeck EF 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 613:A14
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Evans TM, Pont F, Sing DK 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 772:L16
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Evans TM, Sing DK, Kataria T 2017. Nature 548:58–61
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Evans TM, Sing DK, Wakeford HR 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 822:L4
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Fischer DA, Howard AW, Laughlin GP 2014. Protostars and Planets VI H Beuther, RS Klessen, CP Dullemond, TK Henning715–37 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Fletcher LN, Orton GS, Teanby NA, Irwin PGJ, Bjoraker GL 2009. Icarus 199:351–67
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Fortney JJ 2005. MNRAS 364:649–53
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Fortney JJ, Lodders K, Marley MS, Freedman RS 2008. Ap. J. 678:1419–35
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Fossati L, Haswell CA, Froning CS 2011. The Astrophysics of Planetary Systems: Formation, Structure, and Dynamical Evolution, Proc. IAU Symp. 276 A Sozzetti, MG Lattanzi, AP Boss163–66 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Fossati L, Haswell CA, Froning CS 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 714:L222–27
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Fraine J, Deming D, Benneke B 2014. Nature 513:526–29
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Fu G, Deming D, Knutson H 2017. Ap. J. Lett. 847:L22
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Fujii Y, Angerhausen D, Deitrick R 2018. Astrobiology 18:739–78
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Fulton BJ, Petigura EA, Howard AW 2017. Astron. J. 154:109
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Gandhi S, Madhusudhan N 2017. MNRAS 472:2334–55
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Garcia Munoz A, Isaak KG 2015. PNAS 112:13461–66
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Gaudi BS, Scott B, Seager S 2018. Nat. Astron. 2:600–4
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Gillon M, Jehin E, Lederer SM 2016. Nature 533:221–24
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Greenbaum AZ, Pueyo L, Ruffio J-B 2018. Astron. J. 155:226
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Greene TP, Line MR, Montero C, Fortney JJ, Lustig-Yaeger J, Luther K 2016. Ap. J. 817:17
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Grenfell JL, Stracke B, von Paris P 2007. Planet. Space Sci. 55:661–71
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Grillmair CJ, Burrows A, Charbonneau D 2008. Nature 456:767–69
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Güdel M, Dvorak R, Erkaev N 2014. Protostars and Planets VI H Beuther, RS Klessen, CP Dullemond, TK Henning883–906 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Haghighipour N, Raymond SN 2007. Ap. J. 666:436–46
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Harris GJ, Tennyson J, Kaminsky BM, Pavlenko YV, Jones HRA 2006. MNRAS 367:400–6
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Hawker GA, Madhusudhan N, Cabot SHC, Gandhi S 2018. Ap. J. Lett. 863:L11
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Haynes K, Mandell AM, Madhusudhan N, Deming D, Knutson H 2015. Ap. J. 806:146
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Helled R, Bodenheimer P 2010. Icarus 207:503–8
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Helling C, Lee G, Dobbs-Dixon I 2016. MNRAS 460:855–83
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Heng K 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 826:L16
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Heng K, Marley MS 2018.In Handbook of Exoplanets ed. HJ Deeg, JA Belmonte, pp. 2137–52. Cham, Switz.: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Hoeijmakers HJ, Ehrenreich D, Heng K 2018a. Nature 560:453–55
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Hoeijmakers HJ, Schwarz H, Snellen IAG 2018b. Astron. Astrophys. 617:A144
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Huang X, Freedman RS, Tashkun SA, Schwenke DW, Lee TJ 2013. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 130:134–46
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Huang X, Schwenke DW, Freedman RS, Lee TJ 2017. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 203224–41 HITRAN2016 Spec. Iss.
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Hubeny I 2017. MNRAS 469:841–69
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Hubeny I, Burrows A, Sudarsky D 2003. Ap. J. 594:1011–18
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Huitson CM, Sing DK, Pont F 2013. MNRAS 434:3252–74
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Ilee JD, Forgan DH, Evans MG 2017. MNRAS 472:189–204
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Janson M, Brandt TD, Kuzuhara M 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 778:L4
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Janson M, Carson J, Thalmann C 2011. Ap. J. 728:85
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Jensen AG, Cauley PW, Redfield S, Cochran WD, Endl M 2018. Astron. J. 156:154
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Jensen AG, Redfield S, Endl M 2012. Ap. J. 751:86
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Jovanovic N, Martinache F, Guyon O 2015. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 127:890
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Kalas P, Graham JR, Chiang E 2008. Science 322:1345
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Kalirai J 2018. Contemp. Phys 59:251–90
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Kaltenegger L 2017. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 55:433–85
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Kaltenegger L, Selsis F, Fridlund M 2010. Astrobiology 10:89–102
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Karkoschka E, Tomasko MG 2011. Icarus 211:780–97
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Kataria T, Sing DK, Lewis NK 2016. Ap. J. 821:9
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Kempton EMR, Rauscher E 2012. Ap. J. 751:117
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Kilpatrick BM, Cubillos PE, Stevenson KB 2018. Astron. J. 156:103
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Knutson HA, Benneke B, Deming D, Homeier D 2014a. Nature 505:66–68
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Knutson HA, Charbonneau D, Allen LE, Burrows A, Megeath ST 2008. Ap. J. 673:526–31
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Knutson HA, Charbonneau D, Allen LE 2007. Nature 447:183–86
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Knutson HA, Dragomir D, Kreidberg L 2014b. Ap. J. 794:155
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Komacek TD, Showman AP, Tan X 2017. Ap. J. 835:198
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Konopacky QM, Barman TS, Macintosh BA, Marois C 2013. Science 339:1398–401
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Kopparapu RK, Wolf ET, Arney G 2017. Ap. J. 845:5
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Kreidberg L 2018. Handbook of Exoplanets HJ Deeg, JA Belmonte1–23 Cham, Switz.: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Kreidberg L, Bean JL, Désert J-M 2014a. Ap. J. Lett. 793:L27
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Kreidberg L, Bean JL, Désert J-M 2014b. Nature 505:69–72
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Kreidberg L, Line MR, Bean JL 2015. Ap. J. 814:66
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Kreidberg L, Line MR, Parmentier V 2018. Astron. J. 156:17
     [Google Scholar]
  137. Kulow JR, France K, Linsky J, Loyd ROP 2014. Ap. J. 786:132
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Kurucz RL 1992. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofis. 23:45–48
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Lambrechts M, Johansen A 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 544:A32
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Lammer H, Blanc M 2018. Space Sci. Rev. 214:60
     [Google Scholar]
  141. Lavie B, Ehrenreich D, Bourrier V 2017a. Astron. Astrophys. 605:L7
     [Google Scholar]
  142. Lavie B, Mendonça JM, Mordasini C 2017b. Astron. J. 154:91
     [Google Scholar]
  143. Lewis NK, Parmentier V, Kataria T 2017. arXiv:1706.00466
  144. Lewis NK, Showman AP, Fortney JJ 2010. Ap. J. 720:344–56
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Li G, Gordon IE, Rothman LS 2015. Ap. J. Suppl. 216:15
     [Google Scholar]
  146. Line MR, Knutson H, Wolf AS, Yung YL 2014. Ap. J. 783:70
     [Google Scholar]
  147. Line MR, Marley MS, Liu MC 2017. Ap. J. 848:83
     [Google Scholar]
  148. Line MR, Parmentier V 2016. Ap. J. 820:78
     [Google Scholar]
  149. Line MR, Stevenson KB, Bean J 2016. Astron. J. 152:203
     [Google Scholar]
  150. Line MR, Teske J, Burningham B, Fortney J, Marley M 2015. Ap. J. 807:183
     [Google Scholar]
  151. Lines S, Mayne NJ, Boutle IA 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 615:A97
     [Google Scholar]
  152. Lothringer JD, Barman T, Koskinen T 2018. Ap. J. 866:27
     [Google Scholar]
  153. Louden T, Wheatley PJ 2015. Ap. J. Lett. 814:L24
     [Google Scholar]
  154. LUVOIR Team 2018. arXiv:1809.09668 [astro-ph.IM]
  155. MacDonald RJ, Madhusudhan N 2017a. Ap. J. Lett. 850:L15
     [Google Scholar]
  156. MacDonald RJ, Madhusudhan N 2017b. MNRAS 469:1979–96
     [Google Scholar]
  157. Macintosh G,, Chilcote JK, Bailey VP 2018.In Adaptive Optics Systems VI ed. LM Close, L Schreiber, D Schmidt. Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser 10703:107030K Bellingham, WA: SPIE
     [Google Scholar]
  158. Macintosh B, Graham JR, Barman T 2015. Science 350:64–67
     [Google Scholar]
  159. Madhusudhan N 2012. Ap. J. 758:36
     [Google Scholar]
  160. Madhusudhan N 2018. Handbook of Exoplanets HJ Deeg, JA Belmonte2153–82 Cham, Switz.: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  161. Madhusudhan N, Agúndez M, Moses JI, Hu Y 2016. Space Sci. Rev. 205:285–348
     [Google Scholar]
  162. Madhusudhan N, Amin MA, Kennedy GM 2014a. Ap. J. Lett. 794:L12
     [Google Scholar]
  163. Madhusudhan N, Bitsch B, Johansen A, Eriksson L 2017. MNRAS 469:4102–15
     [Google Scholar]
  164. Madhusudhan N, Crouzet N, McCullough PR, Deming D, Hedges C 2014b. Ap. J. Lett. 791:L9
     [Google Scholar]
  165. Madhusudhan N, Knutson H, Fortney JJ, Barman T 2014c. Protostars and Planets VI H Beuther, RS Klessen, CP Dullemond, TK Henning739–62 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  166. Madhusudhan N, Mousis O, Johnson TV, Lunine JI 2011. Ap. J. 743:191
     [Google Scholar]
  167. Madhusudhan N, Seager S 2009. Ap. J. 707:24–39
     [Google Scholar]
  168. Madhusudhan N, Seager S 2010. Ap. J. 725:261–74
     [Google Scholar]
  169. Madhusudhan N, Seager S 2011. Ap. J. 729:41
     [Google Scholar]
  170. Malik M, Grosheintz L, Mendonça JM 2017. Astron. J. 153:56
     [Google Scholar]
  171. Mandell AM, Haynes K, Sinukoff E 2013. Ap. J. 779:128
     [Google Scholar]
  172. Mansfield M, Bean JL, Line MR 2018. Astron. J. 156:10
     [Google Scholar]
  173. Marley MS, Ackerman AS, Cuzzi JN, Kitzmann D 2014. Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets SJ Mackwell, AA Simon-Miller, JW Harder, MA Bullock367–91 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  174. Marley MS, Robinson TD 2015. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 53:279–323
     [Google Scholar]
  175. Marois C, Macintosh B, Barman T 2008. Science 322:1348
     [Google Scholar]
  176. Martins JHC, Santos NC, Figueira P 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 576:A134
     [Google Scholar]
  177. Mbarek R, Kempton EM-R 2016. Ap. J. 827:121
     [Google Scholar]
  178. McCullough P, MacKenty J 2012. STScI Instrum. Sci. Rep. WFC3 2012-08 Baltimore, MD:
  179. McCullough PR, Crouzet N, Deming D, Madhusudhan N 2014. Ap. J. 791:55
     [Google Scholar]
  180. Meadows VS, Reinhard CT, Arney GN 2018. Astrobiology 18:630–62
     [Google Scholar]
  181. Mendonça JM, Grimm SL, Grosheintz L, Heng K 2016. Ap. J. 829:115
     [Google Scholar]
  182. Mennesson B, Gaudi S, Seager S 2016. Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2016: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave HA MacEwen, GG Fazio, M LystrupProc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 990499040L. Bellingham, WA: SPIE
     [Google Scholar]
  183. Mollière P, van Boekel R, Bouwman J 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 600:A10
     [Google Scholar]
  184. Mollière P, van Boekel R, Dullemond C, Henning T, Mordasini C 2015. Ap. J. 813:47
     [Google Scholar]
  185. Mordasini C, van Boekel R, Mollière P, Henning T, Benneke B 2016. Ap. J. 832:41
     [Google Scholar]
  186. Morley CV, Kreidberg L, Rustamkulov Z, Robinson T, Fortney JJ 2017. Ap. J. 850:121
     [Google Scholar]
  187. Moses JI 2014. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 372:20130073
     [Google Scholar]
  188. Moses JI, Line MR, Visscher C 2013a. Ap. J. 777:34
     [Google Scholar]
  189. Moses JI, Madhusudhan N, Visscher C, Freedman RS 2013b. Ap. J. 763:25
     [Google Scholar]
  190. Moses JI, Visscher C, Fortney JJ 2011. Ap. J. 737:15
     [Google Scholar]
  191. Mousis O, Lunine JI, Petit J-M 2011. Ap. J. 727:77
     [Google Scholar]
  192. Mousis O, Marboeuf U, Lunine JI 2009. Ap. J. 696:1348–54
     [Google Scholar]
  193. Nikolov N, Sing DK, Burrows AS 2015. MNRAS 447:463–78
     [Google Scholar]
  194. Nikolov N, Sing DK, Fortney JJ 2018. Nature 557:526–29
     [Google Scholar]
  195. Nikolov N, Sing DK, Gibson NP 2016. Ap. J. 832:191
     [Google Scholar]
  196. Nikolov N, Sing DK, Pont F 2014. MNRAS 437:46–66
     [Google Scholar]
  197. Nortmann L, Pallé E, Salz M 2018. Science 362:1388–91
     [Google Scholar]
  198. Nugroho SK, Kawahara H, Masuda K 2017. Astron. J. 154:221
     [Google Scholar]
  199. Öberg KI, Murray-Clay R, Bergin EA 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 743:L16
     [Google Scholar]
  200. Oppenheimer BR,, Baranec C, Beichman C 2013. Ap. J 768:24
     [Google Scholar]
  201. Oshagh M, Santos NC, Ehrenreich D 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 568:A99
     [Google Scholar]
  202. Owen JE 2019. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 47:67–90
     [Google Scholar]
  203. Parmentier V, Fortney JJ, Showman AP, Morley C, Marley MS 2016. Ap. J. 828:22
     [Google Scholar]
  204. Parmentier V, Line MR, Bean JL 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 617:A110
     [Google Scholar]
  205. Parmentier V, Showman AP, Lian Y 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 558:A91
     [Google Scholar]
  206. Patrascu AT, Yurchenko SN, Tennyson J 2015. MNRAS 449:3613–19
     [Google Scholar]
  207. Petit dit de la Roche DJM, Hoeijmakers HJ, Snellen IAG 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 616:A146
     [Google Scholar]
  208. Pinhas A, Madhusudhan N 2017. MNRAS 471:4355–73
     [Google Scholar]
  209. Pinhas A, Madhusudhan N, Gandhi S, MacDonald R 2019. MNRAS 482:1485–98
     [Google Scholar]
  210. Piso A-MA, Öberg KI, Birnstiel T, Murray-Clay RA 2015. Ap. J. 815:109
     [Google Scholar]
  211. Piso A-MA, Pegues J, Öberg KI 2016. Ap. J. 833:203
     [Google Scholar]
  212. Planet. Habit. Lab 2018. HEC: Data of potentially habitable worlds. http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog/data
    [Google Scholar]
  213. Pont F, Sing DK, Gibson NP 2013. MNRAS 432:2917–44
     [Google Scholar]
  214. Pudritz RE, Cridland AJ, Alessi M 2018. Handbook of Exoplanets HJ Deeg, JA Belmonte2475–521 Cham, Switz.: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  215. Rackham BV, Apai D, Giampapa MS 2018. Ap. J. 853:122
     [Google Scholar]
  216. Rajan J, De Rosa RJ, Marley MSet al. 2017. Astron. J. 154:10
     [Google Scholar]
  217. Rauscher E 2017. Ap. J. 846:69
     [Google Scholar]
  218. Rauscher E, Kempton EMR 2014. Ap. J. 790:79
     [Google Scholar]
  219. Rauscher E, Menou K 2010. Ap. J. 714:1334–42
     [Google Scholar]
  220. Redfield S, Endl M, Cochran WD, Koesterke L 2008. Ap. J. Lett. 673:L87–90
     [Google Scholar]
  221. Richard C, Gordon IE, Rothman LS 2012. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 113:111276–85
     [Google Scholar]
  222. Rimmer PB, Xu J, Thompson SJ, Gillen E, Sutherland JD, Queloz D 2017. Presented at Habitable Worlds 2017: A System Science Workshop, Nov. 13–17, Laramie, WY. Contrib. No. 2042, id.4094
    [Google Scholar]
  223. Rimmer PB, Xu J, Thompson SJ 2018. Sci. Adv. 4:eaar3302
     [Google Scholar]
  224. Rocchetto M, Waldmann IP, Venot O, Lagage P-O, Tinetti G 2016. Ap. J. 833:120
     [Google Scholar]
  225. Rodler F, Kürster M, Barnes JR 2013. MNRAS 432:1980–88
     [Google Scholar]
  226. Rodler F, López-Morales M 2014. Ap. J. 781:54
     [Google Scholar]
  227. Roman M, Rauscher E 2019. Ap. J. 872:1
     [Google Scholar]
  228. Rothman LS, Gordon IE, Barber RJ 2010. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 111:2139–50
     [Google Scholar]
  229. Salz M, Czesla S, Schneider PC 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 620:A97
     [Google Scholar]
  230. Samland M, Mollière P, Bonnefoy M 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 603:A57
     [Google Scholar]
  231. Schlawin E, Agol E, Walkowicz LM, Covey K, Lloyd JP 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 722:L75–79
     [Google Scholar]
  232. Schwartz JC, Kashner Z, Jovmir D, Cowan NB 2017. Ap. J. 850:154
     [Google Scholar]
  233. Schwieterman EW, Kiang NY, Parenteau MN 2018. Astrobiology 18:663–708
     [Google Scholar]
  234. Seager S 2010. Exoplanets Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press. 526 pp.
    [Google Scholar]
  235. Seager S 2018. Int. J. Astrobiol. 17:294–302
     [Google Scholar]
  236. Seager S, Bains W, Hu R 2013. Ap. J. 777:95
     [Google Scholar]
  237. Seager S, Bains W, Petkowski JJ 2016. Astrobiology 16:465–85
     [Google Scholar]
  238. Seager S, Sasselov DD 1998. Ap. J. Lett. 502:L157–61
     [Google Scholar]
  239. Seager S, Sasselov DD 2000. Ap. J. 537:916–21
     [Google Scholar]
  240. Sedaghati E, Boffin HMJ, MacDonald RJ 2017. Nature 549:238–41
     [Google Scholar]
  241. Segura A, Walkowicz LM, Meadows V 2010. Astrobiology 10:751–71
     [Google Scholar]
  242. Seidel JV, Ehrenreich D, Wyttenbach A 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 623:A166
     [Google Scholar]
  243. Selsis F, Kaltenegger L, Paillet J 2008. Phys. Scr. T 130:1014032
     [Google Scholar]
  244. Sheppard KB, Mandell AM, Tamburo P 2017. Ap. J. Lett. 850:L32
     [Google Scholar]
  245. Showman AP, Cooper CS, Fortney JJ, Marley MS 2008. Ap. J. 682:559–76
     [Google Scholar]
  246. Showman AP, Fortney JJ, Lewis NK, Shabram M 2013. Ap. J. 762:24
     [Google Scholar]
  247. Showman AP, Fortney JJ, Lian Y 2009. Ap. J. 699:564–84
     [Google Scholar]
  248. Showman AP, Guillot T 2002. Astron. Astrophys. 385:166–80
     [Google Scholar]
  249. Showman AP, Polvani LM 2011. Ap. J. 738:71
     [Google Scholar]
  250. Shporer A, Hu R 2015. Astron. J. 150:112
     [Google Scholar]
  251. Sing DK, Désert J-M, Fortney JJ 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 527:A73
     [Google Scholar]
  252. Sing DK, Fortney JJ, Nikolov N 2016. Nature 529:59–62
     [Google Scholar]
  253. Sing DK, Huitson CM, Lopez-Morales M 2012. MNRAS 426:1663–70
     [Google Scholar]
  254. Sing DK, López-Morales M 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 493:L31–34
     [Google Scholar]
  255. Sing DK, Wakeford HR, Showman AP 2015. MNRAS 446:2428–43
     [Google Scholar]
  256. Snellen I, de Kok R, Birkby JL 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 576:A59
     [Google Scholar]
  257. Snellen IAG, Albrecht S, de Mooij EJW, Le Poole RS 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 487:357–62
     [Google Scholar]
  258. Snellen IAG, Brandl BR, de Kok RJ 2014. Nature 509:63–65
     [Google Scholar]
  259. Snellen IAG, de Kok RJ, de Mooij EJW, Albrecht S 2010. Nature 465:1049–51
     [Google Scholar]
  260. Snellen IAG, Désert J-M, Waters LBFM 2017. Astron. J. 154:77
     [Google Scholar]
  261. Spake JJ, Sing DK, Evans TM 2018. Nature 557:68–70
     [Google Scholar]
  262. Sromovsky LA, Fry PM, Kim JH 2011. Icarus 215:292–312
     [Google Scholar]
  263. Stevenson KB 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 817:L16
     [Google Scholar]
  264. Stevenson KB, Bean JL, Madusudhan N, Harrington J 2014a. Ap. J. 791:36
     [Google Scholar]
  265. Stevenson KB, Désert J-M, Line MR 2014b. Science 346:838–41
     [Google Scholar]
  266. Sudarsky D, Burrows A, Hubeny I 2003. Ap. J. 588:1121–48
     [Google Scholar]
  267. Swain MR, Vasisht G, Tinetti G 2008. Nature 452:329–31
     [Google Scholar]
  268. Tan X, Showman AP 2017. Ap. J. 835:186
     [Google Scholar]
  269. Tennyson J, Yurchenko S 2018. Atoms 6:26
     [Google Scholar]
  270. Tinetti G, Vidal-Madjar A, Liang M-C 2007. Nature 448:169–71
     [Google Scholar]
  271. Todorov KO, Line MR, Pineda JE 2016. Ap. J. 823:14
     [Google Scholar]
  272. Tsai S-M, Lyons JR, Grosheintz L 2017. Ap. J. Suppl. 228:20
     [Google Scholar]
  273. Tsiaras A, Rocchetto M, Waldmann IP 2016. Ap. J. 820:299
     [Google Scholar]
  274. Tsiaras A, Waldmann IP, Zingales T 2018. Astron. J. 155:156
     [Google Scholar]
  275. Venot O, Hébrard E, Agúndez M, Decin L, Bounaceur R 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 577:A33
     [Google Scholar]
  276. Venot O, Agúndez M, Selsis F, Tessenyi M, Iro N 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 562:A51
     [Google Scholar]
  277. Venturini J, Alibert Y, Benz W 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 596:A90
     [Google Scholar]
  278. Vidal-Madjar A, Désert J-M, Lecavelier des Etangs A 2004. Ap. J. Lett. 604:L69–72
     [Google Scholar]
  279. Vidal-Madjar A, Huitson CM, Bourrier V 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 560:A54
     [Google Scholar]
  280. Vidal-Madjar A, Lecavelier des Etangs A, Désert J-M 2003. Nature 422:143–46
     [Google Scholar]
  281. von Essen C, Mallonn M, Welbanks L 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 622:A71
     [Google Scholar]
  282. Wakeford HR, Sing DK 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 573:A122
     [Google Scholar]
  283. Wakeford HR, Sing DK, Deming D 2013. MNRAS 435:3481–93
     [Google Scholar]
  284. Wakeford HR, Sing DK, Deming D 2018. Astron. J. 155:29
     [Google Scholar]
  285. Wakeford HR, Sing DK, Kataria T 2017. Science 356:628–31
     [Google Scholar]
  286. Waldmann IP 2016. Ap. J. 820:107
     [Google Scholar]
  287. Waldmann IP, Rocchetto M, Tinetti G 2015. Ap. J. 813:13
     [Google Scholar]
  288. Wang J, Mawet D, Ruane G, Hu R, Benneke B 2017. Astron. J. 153:183
     [Google Scholar]
  289. Wang J, Mawet D, Hu R 2018. J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 4:035001
     [Google Scholar]
  290. Wong MH, Mahaffy PR, Atreya SK, Niemann HB, Owen TC 2004. Icarus 171:153–70
     [Google Scholar]
  291. Wyttenbach A, Ehrenreich D, Lovis C, Udry S, Pepe F 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 577:A62
     [Google Scholar]
  292. Wyttenbach A, Lovis C, Ehrenreich D 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 602:A36
     [Google Scholar]
  293. Yan F, Henning T 2019. Nat. Astron. 2:714–18
     [Google Scholar]
  294. Yurchenko SN, Barber RJ, Tennyson J 2011. MNRAS 413:1828–34
     [Google Scholar]
  295. Yurchenko SN, Tennyson J 2014. MNRAS 440:1649–61
     [Google Scholar]
  296. Yurchenko SN, Tennyson J, Barber RJ, Thiel W 2013. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 291:69–76
     [Google Scholar]
  297. Zhang M, Knutson HA, Kataria T 2018. Astron. J. 155:83
     [Google Scholar]
  298. Zhang X, Showman AP 2017. Ap. J. 836:73
     [Google Scholar]
  299. Zurlo A, Vigan A, Galicher Ret al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys 587:A57
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051846
Loading
Exoplanetary Atmospheres: Key Insights, Challenges, and Prospects
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 57, 617 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051846
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051846
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051846
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error