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Biofouling is a complex, dynamic problem that globally impacts both the economy and environment. Interdisciplinary research in marine biology, polymer science, and engineering has led to the implementation of bio-inspired strategies for the development of the next generation of antifouling marine coatings. Natural fouling defense mechanisms have been mimicked through chemical, physical, and/or stimuli-responsive strategies. This review outlines the detrimental effects associated with biofouling, describes the theoretical basis for antifouling coating design, and highlights prominent advances in bio-inspired antifouling technologies.
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Supplemental Movie. Platform material defines surface chemistry, mechanical properties and physical interactions based upon inherent material chemical structure and processing. Topography added using the same material or a different material to impart or enhance non-wetting characteristics. Feature geometry and arrangement affect the mechanics of the surface and dewetting behavior. Surface chemistry is adjustable using graft technology to introduce both specific and non-specific chemical interactions with settling organisms. The path generated by the feature arrangement is referred to as the surface tortuosity. The tortuosity is a key factor in the surface antifouling efficiency. The organism approaches the surface, "tests" the surface and then moves to a more favorable surface for settlement. Download video file (WMV)