1932

Abstract

The past 20 years have witnessed a tremendous accumulation of research in whiteness studies in general, and in the sociology of whiteness in particular. In contrast to the earliest days of research in this subfield, much recent work has moved beyond preoccupations with whiteness as a seemingly invisible, default racial category to instead consider whiteness as a complex identity and basis of structural privilege and neocolonial dominance. Predominantly autobiographical and strictly theoretical work has been augmented by sophisticated empirical studies from a variety of methodological traditions. Contemporary scholars continue to grapple with epistemological concerns and the issue of how to dismantle that which is totalizing and hegemonic.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-083121-054338
2022-07-29
2024-12-22
The full text of this item is not currently available.

Literature Cited

  1. Al Ariss A, Özbilgin M, Tatli A, April K 2014. Tackling whiteness in organizations and management. J. Manag. Psychol. 29:4362–69
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Alba RD. 1985. The twilight of ethnicity among Americans of European ancestry: the case of Italians. Ethnic Racial Stud. 8:1134–58
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Alba RD. 1990. Ethnic Identity: The Transformation of White America New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Alba RD. 2020. The Great Demographic Illusion Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Alcoff LM. 2015. The Future of Whiteness Cambridge, UK: Polity
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Alexander-Floyd NG. 2012. Disappearing acts: reclaiming intersectionality in the social sciences in a post-Black feminist era. Fem. Form. 24:11–25
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Andersen ML. 2003. Whitewashing race: a critical perspective on whiteness. White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism AW Doane, E Bonilla-Silva 21–34 New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Anderson E 2015. The white space. Sociol. Race Ethn. 1:110–21
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Andrucki MJ. 2010. The visa whiteness machine: transnational motility in post-apartheid South Africa. Ethnicities 10:3358–370
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Barrett JE, Roediger D 1997. How white people became white. Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror R Delgado, J Stefancic 402–6 Philadelphia, PA: Temple Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bashi Treitler V. 2013. The Ethnic Project: Transforming Racial Fiction into Ethnic Factions Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Beider H. 2014. Whiteness, class and grassroots perspectives on social change and difference. Political Q 85:3333–39
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Bell M. 2021. Whiteness Interrupted: White Teachers and Racial Identity in Predominantly Black Schools Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Berrey E. 2015. The Enigma of Diversity: The Language of Race and the Limits of Racial Justice Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Best AL. 2003. Doing race in the context of feminist interviewing: constructing whiteness through talk. Qual. Inquiry 9:6895–914
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Bhambra GK. 2017. Brexit, Trump, and ‘methodological whiteness’: on the misrecognition of race and class. Br. J. Sociol. 68:S214–32
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Blee KM. 1998. White-knuckle research: emotional dynamics in fieldwork with racist activists. Qual. Sociol. 21:4381–99
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Blee KM. 2002. Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Blee KM, Yates EA. 2015. The place of race in conservative and far-right movements. Sociol. Race Ethn. 1:1127–36
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Bobo LD. 2018. Race as a complex adaptive system. Du Bois Rev. 15:2211–15
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Bobo LD, Charles CZ, Krysan M, Simmons AD. 2015. The real record on racial attitudes. Social Trends in American Life PV Marsden 38–83 Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Bonilla-Silva E 2004. From bi-racial to tri-racial: towards a new system of racial stratification in the USA. Ethn. Racial Stud. 27:6931–50
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Bonilla-Silva E 2013. Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Bonilla-Silva E 2019. Toward a new political praxis for Trumpamerica: new directions in critical race theory. Am. Behav. Sci. 63:131776–88
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Bonnet F. 2014. How to perform non-racism? Colour-blind speech norms and race-conscious policies among French security personnel. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 40:81275–94
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Bonnett A. 2000. White Identities: An Historical & International Introduction London:: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Bow L. 2010. Partly Colored: Asian Americans and Racial Anomaly in the Segregated South New York: NYU Press
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Bracey GE. 2016. Black movements need black theorizing: exposing implicit whiteness in political process theory. Sociol. Focus 49:111–27
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Brodkin K. 1998. How Jews Became White Folks and What that Says About Race in America New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Brunsma DL, Padilla Wyse J. 2019. The possessive investment in white sociology. Sociol. Race Ethn. 5:11–10
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Burke MA. 2019. Colorblind Racism Cambridge, UK: Polity
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Bush ME. 2004. Breaking the Code of Good Intentions: Everyday Forms of Whiteness Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Bush ME. 2011. Everyday Forms of Whiteness: Understanding Race in a “Post-Racial” World Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Byrd WC. 2014. Cross-racial interactions during college: a longitudinal study of four forms of interracial interactions among elite white college students. Societies 4:2265–95
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Byrd WC. 2019. Hillbillies, genetic pathology, and white ignorance: repackaging the culture of poverty within color-blindness. Sociol. Race Ethn. 5:4532–46
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Case KA. 2012. Discovering the privilege of whiteness: white women's reflections on anti-racist identity and ally behavior. J. Soc. Issues 68:178–96
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Chen JM. 2017. The contentious field of whiteness studies. J. Soc. Thought 2:15–27
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Collins PH. 2015. Intersectionality's definitional dilemmas. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 41:1–20
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Croll PR. 2007. Modeling determinants of white racial identity: results from a new national survey. Soc. Forces 86:2613–42
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Daniels J. 2009. Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Daniels J. 2021. Nice White Ladies: The Truth About White Supremacy, Our Role in It, and How We Can Help Dismantle It New York: Basic Books
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Dentice D, Bugg D. 2016. Fighting for the right to be white: a case study in white racial identity. J. Hate Stud. 12:1101–28
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Doane AW. 1997. Dominant group ethnic identity in the United States: the role of “hidden” ethnicity in intergroup relations. Sociol. Q. 38:3375–97
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Doane AW, Bonilla-Silva E. 2003. Rethinking whiteness studies. White Out AW Doane, E Bonilla-Silva 11–26 London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Du Bois WEB. 1920. The souls of white folk. The Oxford W.E.B. Du Bois Reader EJ Sundquist 497–509 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Durr KD. 2003. Behind the Backlash: White Working-Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940–1980 Chapel Hill: Univ. N. C. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Feagin JR. 2013. The White Racial Frame: Centuries of Racial Framing and Counter-Framing London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Ferber AL. 1998. Constructing whiteness: the intersections of race and gender in US white supremacist discourse. Ethn. Racial Stud. 21:148–63
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Ferber AL. 2007a. The construction of Black masculinity: white supremacy now and then. J. Sport Soc. Issues 31:111–24
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Ferber AL. 2007b. Whiteness studies and the erasure of gender. Sociol. Compass 1:1265–82
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Foner N, Deaux K, Donato KM. 2018. Introduction: immigration and changing identities. RSF 4:51–25
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Forman TA 2004. Color-blind racism and racial indifference: the role of racial apathy in facilitating enduring inequalities. The Changing Terrain of Race and Ethnicity M Krysan, AE Lewis 43–66 New York: Russell Sage Found.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Formisano RP. 1991. Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s Chapel Hill: Univ. N. C. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Fox C, Guglielmo TA. 2012. Defining America's racial boundaries: Blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants, 1890–1945. Am. J. Sociol. 118:2327–79
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Frankenburg R. 1993. White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Frey WH. 2021. New 2020 Census results show increased diversity countering decade-long declines in America's white and youth populations. Brookings Aug. 13. https://www.brookings.edu/research/new-2020-census-results-show-increased-diversity-countering-decade-long-declines-in-americas-white-and-youth-populations
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Gallagher C, Twine FW. 2017. From wave to tsunami: the growth of third wave whiteness. Ethn. Racial Stud. 40:91598–1603
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Gallagher CA. 2003. Color-blind privilege: the social and political functions of erasing the color line in post race America. Race Gender Class 10:422–37
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Gallagher CA 2008.. “ The end of racism” as the new doxa: new strategies for researching race. White Logic, White Methods: Racism and Methodology T Zuberi, E Bonilla-Silva 163–78 Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Gans HJ. 1982. The Urban Villagers: Group and Class in the Life of Italian-Americans New York: Free Press
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Gans HJ. 2012.. “ Whitening” and the changing American racial hierarchy. Du Bois Rev 9:2267–79
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Garner S. 2007. Whiteness: An Introduction London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Garner S. 2014. Injured nations, racialising states and repressed histories: making whiteness visible in the Nordic countries. Soc. Identities 20:6407–22
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Garner S. 2015. A Moral Economy of Whiteness: Four Frames of Racializing Discourse London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Garner S. 2017. Surfing the third wave of whiteness studies: reflections on Twine and Gallagher. Ethn. Racial Stud. 40:91582–97
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Golbeck N, Roth WD 2012. Aboriginal claims: DNA ancestry testing and changing concepts of indigeneity. Biomapping Indigenous Peoples: Towards an Understanding of the Issues S Berthier-Foglar, S Collingwood-Whittick, S Tolazzi 415–32 Amsterdam: Rodopi
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Goldstein EL. 2006. The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Goss DR. 2019.. “ It's like going back in time”: how white retirees use expatriation to reclaim white dominance. Sociol. Perspect. 62:4538–53
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Green MJ, Sonn CC, Matsebula J. 2007. Reviewing whiteness: theory, research, and possibilities. S. Afr. J. Psychol. 37:3389–419
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Guglielmo TA. 2003. White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago18901945 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Hagerman MA. 2018. White Kids: Growing Up with Privilege in a Racially Divided America New York: NYU Press
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Hallett MC. 2012.. “ Better than white trash”: work ethic, Latinidad and whiteness in rural Arkansas. Latino Stud 10:1–281–106
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Hancock A-M. 2016. Intersectionality: An Intellectual History Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Haney-López I. 1996. White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race New York: NYU Press
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Hardie JH, Tyson K. 2013. Other people's racism: race, rednecks, and riots in a Southern high school. Sociol. Educ. 86:183–102
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Harrison AK. 2013. Black skiing, everyday racism, and the racial spatiality of whiteness. J. Sport Soc. Issues 37:4315–39
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Hartigan J. 1997. Establishing the fact of whiteness. Am. Anthropol. 99:3495–505
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Hartigan J. 1999. Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Hartmann D, Croll PR, Larson R, Gerteis J, Manning A. 2017. Colorblindness as identity: key determinants, relations to ideology, and implications for attitudes about race and policy. Sociol. Perspect. 60:5866–88
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Hartmann D, Gerteis J, Croll PR. 2009. An empirical assessment of whiteness theory: hidden from how many?. Soc. Probl. 56:3403–24
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Hughey M. 2007. Racism with antiracists: color-conscious racism and the unintentional persistence of inequality. Soc. Thought Res. 28:67–108
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Hughey M. 2009. The Janus-face of whiteness: toward a cultural sociology of white nationalism and white antiracism. Sociol. Compass 3:6920–36
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Hughey M. 2012a. Color capital, white debt, and the paradox of strong white racial identities. Du Bois Rev 9:1169–200
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Hughey M. 2012b. White Bound: Nationalists, Antiracists, and the Shared Meanings of Race Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Irons J. 2010. Reconstituting Whiteness: The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Jackman MR. 1994. The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class, and Race Relations Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Jacobson MF. 1999. Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Jiménez TR. 2010. Affiliative ethnic identity: a more elastic link between ethnic ancestry and culture. Ethn. Racial Stud. 33:101756–75
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Kennedy L. 2021. How white Americans became Irish: race, ethnicity and the politics of whiteness. J. Am. Stud. 2021:1–23
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Khoshneviss H. 2019. The inferior white: politics and practices of racialization of people from the Middle East in the US. Ethnicities 19:1117–35
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Kolber J. 2017. Having it both ways: white denial of racial salience while claiming oppression. Sociol. Compass 11:2e12448
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Kolchin P. 2002. Whiteness studies: the new history of race in America. J. Am. Hist. 89:1154–73
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Leonard P. 2008. Migrating identities: gender, whiteness and Britishness in post-colonial Hong Kong. Gender Place Cult 15:145–60
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Leverentz A, Pittman A, Skinnon J. 2018. Place and perception: constructions of community and safety across neighborhoods and residents. City Community 17:4972–95
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Levine-Rasky C. 2016. Whiteness Fractured London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Lewis AE. 2003. Race in the Schoolyard: Negotiating the Color Line in Classrooms and Communities New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Lewis AE. 2004.. “ What group?” Studying whites and whiteness in the era of “color-blindness. .” Sociol. Theory 22:4623–46
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Lieberson S. 1980. A Piece of the Pie: Blacks and White Immigrants since 1880 Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Liebler CA, Porter SR, Fernandez LE, Noon JM, Ennis SR. 2017. America's churning races: race and ethnicity response changes between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census. Demography 54:1259–84
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Loewen JW. 1988. The Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Loveman M, Muniz JO. 2007. How Puerto Rico became white: boundary dynamics and intercensus racial reclassification. Am. Sociol. Rev. 72:6915–39
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Lundström C. 2014. White Migrations: Gender, Whiteness and Privilege in Transnational Migration New York: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  103. MacMullan T. 2009. Habits of Whiteness: A Pragmatist Reconstruction Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Maghbouleh N. 2017. The Limits of Whiteness: Iranian Americans and the Everyday Politics of Race Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Mahadeo R. 2019. Why is the time always right for white and wrong for us? How racialized youth make sense of whiteness and temporal inequality. Sociol. Race Ethn. 5:2186–99
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Maly M, Dalmage H. 2015. Vanishing Eden: White Construction of Memory, Meaning, and Identity in a Racially Changing City Philadelphia, PA: Temple Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Mayorga-Gallo S. 2014. Behind the White Picket Fence: Power and Privilege in a Multiethnic Neighborhood Chapel Hill: Univ. N. C. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  108. McDermott M. 2006. Working-Class White: The Making and Unmaking of Race Relations Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  109. McDermott M 2010. Ways of being white: privilege, perceived stigma, and transcendence. Doing Race: 21 Essays for the 21st Century HR Markus, P Moya 415–38 New York: W.W. Norton
    [Google Scholar]
  110. McDermott M. 2015. Color-blind and color-visible identity among American whites. Am. Behav. Sci. 59:111452–73
    [Google Scholar]
  111. McDermott M. 2020. Whiteness in America Cambridge, UK: Polity
    [Google Scholar]
  112. McDermott M, Samson F. 2005. White racial and ethnic identity in the United States. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 31:245–61
    [Google Scholar]
  113. McIntosh P 1989. White privilege: unpacking the invisible knapsack. On Privilege, Fraudulence, and Teaching As Learning P McIntosh 29–34 London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  114. McKinney KD. 2003.. “ I feel ‘whiteness’ when I hear people blaming whites”: whiteness as cultural victimization. Race Soc 6:139–55
    [Google Scholar]
  115. McKinney KD, Feagin JR. 2004. Being White: Stories of Race and Racism London: Routledge:
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Metzl JM. 2019. Dying of Whiteness: How the Politics of Racial Resentment Is Killing America's Heartland New York: Basic Books
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Miyawaki MH. 2015. Expanding boundaries of whiteness? A look at the marital patterns of part-white multiracial groups. Soc. Forum 30:995–1016
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Moberg SP, Krysan M, Christianson D. 2019. Racial attitudes in America. Public Opin. Q. 83:2450–71
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Moore WL, Bell JM. 2011. Maneuvers of whiteness: ‘Diversity’ as a mechanism of retrenchment in the affirmative action discourse. Crit. Sociol. 37:5597–613
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Morgan S, Lee J. 2018. Trump voters and the white working class. Sociol. Sci. 5:10234–45
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Morning A. 2018. Kaleidoscope: contested identities and new forms of race membership. Ethn. Racial Stud. 41:61055–73
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Morris EW. 2012. Repelling the “rutter”: social differentiation among rural teenagers. Symb. Interact. 35:3301–20
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Morrison KR, Chung AH. 2011.. “ White” or “European American”? Self-identifying labels influence majority group members’ interethnic attitudes. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 47:1165–70
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Moss K. 2003. The Color of Class: Poor Whites and the Paradox of Privilege Philadelphia: Univ. Pa. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Mueller JC. 2020. Racial ideology or racial ignorance? An alternative theory of racial cognition. Soc. Theory 38:2142–69
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Murphy EL. 2005.. “ Prelude to imperialism”: whiteness and Chinese exclusion in the reimagining of the United States. J. Hist. Soc. 18:4457–90
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Nayak A. 2007. Critical whiteness studies. Sociol. Compass 1:2737–55
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Newitz A, Wray M 1997. What is “white trash”? Stereotypes and economic conditions of poor whites in the United States. Whiteness: A Critical Reader M Hill 151–67 New York: NYU Press
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Niemonen J. 2010. Public sociology or partisan sociology? The curious case of whiteness studies. Am. Sociol. 41:148–81
    [Google Scholar]
  130. O'Connell A. 2010. An exploration of redneck whiteness in multicultural Canada. Soc. Politics 17:4536–63
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Patterson O. 1977. Ethnic Chauvinism: The Reactionary Impulse New York: Stein and Day
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Perry P. 2002. Shades of White: White Kids and Racial Identities in High School Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Picca L, Feagin J. 2007. Two-Faced Racism: Whites in the Backstage and Frontstage London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Pierce JL. 2003.. “ Racing for innocence”: whiteness, corporate culture, and the backlash against affirmative action. Qual. Sociol. 26:153–70
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Reay D, Hollingworth S, Williams K, Crozier G, Jamieson F et al. 2007. A darker shade of pale? Whiteness, the middle classes and multi-ethnic inner city schooling. Sociology 41:61041–60
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Rockquemore K, Brunsma DL. 2002. Beyond Black: Biracial Identity in America Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Roediger D. 1991. The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class London: Verso
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Roth WD, Ivemark B. 2018. Genetic options: the impact of genetic ancestry testing on consumers’ racial and ethnic identities. Am. J. Sociol. 124:1150–84
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Rothenberg PS. 2000. Invisible Privilege: A Memoir about Race, Class, and Gender Lawrence: Univ. Press Kans.
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Russell L. 2014. Whiteness in Scotland: shame, belonging and diversity management in a Glasgow workplace. Ethn. Racial Stud. 37:81371–90
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Saito L. 2015. From whiteness to colorblindness in public policies: racial formation and urban development. Sociol. Race Ethn. 1:137–51
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Samson FL. 2013. Multiple group threat and malleable white attitudes towards academic merit. Du Bois Rev. 10:1233–60
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Samson FL, Bobo LD 2014. Ethno-racial attitudes and social inequality. Handbook of the Social Psychology of Inequality JD McLeod, EJ Lawler, M Schwalbe 515–45 New York: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Schneider MJ. 2018. Exotic place, white space: racialized volunteer spaces in Honduras. Sociol. Forum 33:690–711
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Scott RR. 2009. Appalachia and the construction of whiteness in the United States. Sociol. Compass 3:5803–10
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Sherwood JH. 2010. Wealth, Whiteness, and the Matrix of Privilege: The View from the Country Club Lanham, MD: Lexington
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Shirley CD. 2010.. “ You might be a redneck if…”: boundary work among rural, Southern whites. Soc. Forces 89:135–61
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Silva JM. 2013. Coming Up Short: Working-Class Adulthood in an Age of Uncertainty Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Smångs M. 2016. Doing violence, making race: Southern lynching and white racial group formation. Am. J. Soc. 121:51329–74
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Soto-Márquez JG. 2019.. “ I'm Not Spanish, I'm from Spain”: Spaniards’ bifurcated ethnicity and the boundaries of whiteness and Hispanic panethnic identity. Sociol. Race Ethn. 5:185–99
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Srivastava S. 2006. Tears, fears and careers: anti-racism and emotion in social movement organizations. Can. J. Sociol. 31:155–90
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Steinbugler A. 2012. Beyond Loving: Intimate Racework in Lesbian, Gay, and Straight Interracial Relationships Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Storrs D. 1999. Whiteness as stigma: essentialist identity work by mixed-race women. Symb. Interact. 22:3187–212
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Sverdljuk J, Joranger TMH, Jackson EK, Kivisto P. 2020. Nordic Whiteness and Migration to the USA: A Historical Exploration of Identity Milton Park, UK: Taylor and Francis
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Talbert RD, Christie-Mizell CA 2021. Public confederate monuments and racial identity among white Americans. Identities in Action: Developments in Identity Theory PS Brenner, JE Stets, RT Serpe 111–29 New York: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Torkelson J, Hartmann D. 2010. White ethnicity in twenty-first-century America: findings from a new national survey. Ethn. Racial Stud. 33:81310–31
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Torkelson J, Hartmann D. 2021. The heart of whiteness: on the study of whiteness and White Americans. Sociol. Compass 15:11e12932
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Twine FW. 1996. Brown skinned white girls: class, culture and the construction of white identity in suburban communities. Gender Place Cult. 3:2205–24
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Twine FW. 1999. Bearing blackness in Britain: the meaning of racial difference for white birth mothers of African-descent children. Soc. Identities 5:2185–210
    [Google Scholar]
  160. Twine FW. 2001. Transgressive women, transracial mothers: white women and critical race theory. Meridians 1:2130–53
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Twine FW. 2010. A White Side of Black Britain: Interracial Intimacy and Racial Literacy Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Twine FW, Gallagher C. 2008. The future of whiteness: a map of the third wave. Ethn. Racial Stud. 31:14–24
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Vargas N. 2014. Off white: colour-blind ideology at the margins of whiteness. Ethn. Racial Stud. 37:132281–2302
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Vasquez JM. 2014. Race cognizance and colorblindness: effects of Latino/Non-Hispanic white intermarriage. Du Bois Rev. 11:2273–93
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Verwey C, Quayle M. 2012. Whiteness, racism, and Afrikaner identity in post-apartheid South Africa. Afr. Aff. 111:445551–75
    [Google Scholar]
  166. Walton E. 2018. Habits of whiteness: how racial domination persists in multiethnic neighborhoods. Sociol. Race Ethn. 7:171–85
    [Google Scholar]
  167. Waters MC. 1990. Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Weise JM. 2008. Mexican nationalisms, Southern racisms: Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the U.S. South, 1908–1939. Am. Q. 60:3749–77
    [Google Scholar]
  169. Wray M. 2006. Not Quite White: White Trash and the Boundaries of Whiteness Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  170. Wray M 2019. A typology of white people in America. The Intersections of Whiteness E Kindinger, M Schmitt 38–52 London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  171. Zuberi T. 2001. Thicker than Blood: How Racial Statistics Lie. Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  172. Zuberi T, Bonilla-Silva E, eds. 2008. White Logic, White Methods: Racism and Methodology Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-083121-054338
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error