Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences - Volume 28, 2000
Volume 28, 2000
- Preface
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- Review Articles
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Palynology after Y2K—Understanding the Source Area of Pollen in Sediments
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 1–18More LessPollen grains preserved in lake and bog sediment provide a record of past vegetation that has been an important source of information about climate and land cover during the Quaternary Period. Yet from the beginning, questions have been raised about the source area of pollen in sediment. Interpretation has been hampered by the lack of well-developed theory treating the relationship between the spatial dist Read More
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Dinosaur Reproduction and Parenting
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 19–45More LessNon-avian dinosaur reproductive and parenting behaviors were mostly similar to those of extant archosaurs. Non-avian dinosaurs were probably sexually dimorphic and some may have engaged in hierarchical rituals. Non-avian coelurosaurs (e.g. Troodontidae, Oviraptorosauria) had two active oviducts, each of which produced single eggs on a daily or greater time scale. The eggs of non-coelurosaurian dinosaurs (e.g. Orn Read More
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Evolution and Structure of the Lachlan Fold Belt (Orogen) of Eastern Australia
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 47–80More LessThe Lachlan Fold Belt (Lachlan Orogen) of eastern Australia was part of a Paleozoic convergent plate margin that stretched around the supercontinent of Gondwana from South America to Australia. Lower Paleozoic (545–365 Ma) deep-water, quartz-rich turbidites, calcalkaline volcanic rocks, and voluminous granitic plutons dominate the Lachlan Orogen. These rocks overlie a mafic lower crust of oceanic affinity Read More
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Remote Sensing of Active Volcanoes
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 81–106More LessThe synoptic coverage offered by satellites provides unparalleled opportunities for monitoring active volcanoes, and opens new avenues of scientific inquiry. Thermal infrared radiation can be used to monitor levels of activity, which is useful for automated eruption detection and for studying the emplacement of lava flows. Satellite radars can observe volcanoes through clouds or at night, and provide high-resolution t Read More
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Dynamics of Volcanic Systems in Iceland: Example of Tectonism and Volcanism at Juxtaposed Hot Spot and Mid-Ocean Ridge Systems
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 107–140More LessVolcanic systems are swarms of tectonic fractures and basalt volcanoes formed as a result of plate-pull (as the plates are pulled apart) associated with the mid-ocean ridges and the magma dynamics of the Iceland Mantle Plume. Most systems are 40–150 km long, 5–20 km wide, and develop a central volcano. They supply magma to all eruptions in Iceland. Data obtained in the last few years have greatly improved our knowledg Read More
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Understanding Oblique Impacts from Experiments, Observations, and Modeling
E. Pierazzo, and H. J. MeloshVol. 28 (2000), pp. 141–167More LessNatural impacts in which the projectile strikes the target vertically are virtually nonexistent. Nevertheless, our inherent drive to simplify nature often causes us to suppose most impacts are nearly vertical. Recent theoretical, observational, and experimental work is improving this situation, but even with the current wealth of studies on impact cratering, the effect of impact angle on the final crater is not well understood. Althoug Read More
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Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry to Measure Earth’s Surface Topography and Its Deformation
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 169–209More LessSynthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) from Earth-orbiting spacecraft provides a new tool to map global topography and deformation of the Earth’s surface. Radar images taken from slightly different viewing directions allow the construction of digital elevation models of meter-scale accuracy. These data sets aid in the analysis and interpretation of tectonic and volcanic landscapes. If the Earth’s surface deformed bet Read More
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Geologic Evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen
An Yin, and T. Mark HarrisonVol. 28 (2000), pp. 211–280More LessA review of the geologic history of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen suggests that at least 1400 km of north-south shortening has been absorbed by the orogen since the onset of the Indo-Asian collision at about 70 Ma. Significant crustal shortening, which leads to eventual construction of the Cenozoic Tibetan plateau, began more or less synchronously in the Eocene (50–40 Ma) in the Tethyan Himalaya in the south, and in the Read More
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MARS 2000
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 281–304More LessTwenty years after the Viking Mission, Mars is again being scrutinized in the light of a flood of information from spacecraft missions to Mars, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the SNC meteorites. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of Mars, especially in light of the data being returned from the Mars Global Surveyor Mission. Mars does not now have a global magnetic field, but the presence of crustal Read More
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Vredefort, Sudbury, Chicxulub: Three of a Kind?
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 305–338More LessVredefort, Sudbury, and Chicxulub are the largest known terrestrial impact structures. All have been cited as multi-ring basins. The available data indicate that all have some form of multiple-ring attributes, most commonly structural features. Chicxulub, however, is the only example with morphological ring features. There are also commonalities in the structural and lithological features of Vredefort and Sudbury, and it is Read More
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Climate Reconstruction from Subsurface Temperatures
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 339–365More LessTemperature changes at the Earth’s surface propagate downward into the subsurface and impart a thermal signature to the rocks. This signature can be measured in boreholes and then analyzed to reconstruct the surface temperature history over the past several centuries. The ability to resolve surface temperature history from subsurface temperatures diminishes with time. Microclimatic effects associated with the topo Read More
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Asteroid Fragmentation and Evolution of Asteroids
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 367–389More LessTo understand the complex collisional history of asteroids and explain their observed characteristics, it is necessary to be able to describe the fundamental physics of large-scale impact events. Because data collected on collisional outcomes is derived from small-scale laboratory experiments, success at describing asteroid evolution hinges sensitively on methods devised to “scale” this data to the appropriate size r Read More
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Seismic Imaging of Mantle Plumes
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 391–417More LessThe mantle plume hypothesis was proposed thirty years ago by Jason Morgan to explain hotspot volcanoes such as Hawaii. A thermal diapir (or plume) rises from the thermal boundary layer at the base of the mantle and produces a chain of volcanoes as a plate moves on top of it. The idea is very attractive, but direct evidence for actual plumes is weak, and many questions remain unanswered. With the great improvement Read More
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New Perspectives on Orbitally Forced Stratigraphy
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 419–475More LessThis survey of the current status of research into Earth’s orbitally forced paleoclimatic record summarizes recent developments in the theory of Earth’s orbital parameters, and reviews how various techniques of data collection and analysis have fared in the search and recovery of orbital signals in ancient stratigraphy. The emerging significance of the quasi-periodicity of Earth’s orbital variations as a principal tool in the an Read More
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Clathrate Hydrates
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 477–507More LessSubstantial volumes of methane gas are trapped below the seafloor and in permafrost by an ice-like solid called clathrate hydrate. Global estimates of the methane in clathrate hydrate may exceed 1016 kg, which represents one of the largest sources of hydrocarbon on Earth. Speculations about large releases of methane from clathrate hydrate have raised serious but unresolved questions about its possible role in climate change Read More
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Heterogeneity of the Lowermost Mantle
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 509–537More LessStrong heterogeneity at a variety of scale lengths has been imaged in the lowermost mantle using different forward and inverse methods. Coherent patterns in differential travel times of waves that sample the base of the mantle—such as diffracted shear waves (Sdiff) and compressional waves (Pdiff)—are readily apparent, and are compared with results from tomographic studies. Travel time and waveform modeling studies hav Read More
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Spreading Volcanoes1
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 539–570More LessAs volcanoes grow, they become ever heavier. Unlike mountains exhumed by erosion of rocks that generally were lithified at depth, volcanoes typically are built of poorly consolidated rocks that may be further weakened by hydrothermal alteration. The substrates upon which volcanoes rest, moreover, are often sediments lithified by no more than the weight of the volcanic overburden. It is not surprising, therefore, that Read More
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Scaling, Universality, and Geomorphology
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 571–610More LessTheories of scaling apply wherever similarity exists across many scales. This similarity may be found in geometry and in dynamical processes. Universality arises when the qualitative character of a system is sufficient to quantitatively predict its essential features, such as the exponents that characterize scaling laws. Within geomorphology, two areas where the concepts of scaling and universality have found application are t Read More
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Chemical Weathering, Atmospheric CO2, and Climate
Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 611–667More LessThere has been considerable controversy concerning the role of chemical weathering in the regulation of the atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and thus the strength of the greenhouse effect and global climate. Arguments center on the sensitivity of chemical weathering to climatic factors, especially temperature. Laboratory studies reveal a strong dependence of mineral dissolution on temperature, but the Read More
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 52 (2024)
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Volume 51 (2023)
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Volume 50 (2022)
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Volume 49 (2021)
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Volume 48 (2020)
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Volume 47 (2019)
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Volume 46 (2018)
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Volume 45 (2017)
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Volume 44 (2016)
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Volume 43 (2015)
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Volume 42 (2014)
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Volume 41 (2013)
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Volume 40 (2012)
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Volume 39 (2011)
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Volume 38 (2010)
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Volume 37 (2009)
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Volume 36 (2008)
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Volume 35 (2007)
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Volume 34 (2006)
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Volume 33 (2005)
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Volume 32 (2004)
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Volume 31 (2003)
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Volume 30 (2002)
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Volume 29 (2001)
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Volume 28 (2000)
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Volume 27 (1999)
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Volume 26 (1998)
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Volume 25 (1997)
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Volume 24 (1996)
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Volume 23 (1995)
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Volume 22 (1994)
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Volume 21 (1993)
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Volume 20 (1992)
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Volume 19 (1991)
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Volume 18 (1990)
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Volume 17 (1989)
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Volume 16 (1988)
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Volume 15 (1987)
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Volume 14 (1986)
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Volume 13 (1985)
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Volume 12 (1984)
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Volume 11 (1983)
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Volume 10 (1982)
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Volume 9 (1981)
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Volume 8 (1980)
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Volume 7 (1979)
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Volume 6 (1978)
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Volume 5 (1977)
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Volume 4 (1976)
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Volume 3 (1975)
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Volume 2 (1974)
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Volume 1 (1973)
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Volume 0 (1932)