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This review focuses on the extensive membrane and organelle rearrangements that have been observed in plant cells infected with RNA viruses. The modifications generally involve the formation of spherules, vesicles, and/or multivesicular bodies associated with various organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes. These virus-induced organelles house the viral RNA replication complex and are known as virus factories or viroplasms. Membrane and organelle alterations are attributed to the action of one or two viral proteins, which additionally act as a scaffold for the assembly of a large complex of proteins of both viral and host origin and viral RNA. Some virus factories have been shown to align with and traffic along microfilaments. In addition to viral RNA replication, the factories may be involved in other processes such as viral RNA translation and cell-to-cell virus transport. Confining the process of RNA replication to a specific location may also prevent the activation of certain host defense functions.
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Download Supplemental Table 1: Membrane/Organelle Modifications by Plant Viruses (PDF)
Supplemental Movie 1: Movement of 6KmCherry-tagged TuMV-induced vesicles in N. benthamiana leaf epidermal cells agroinfiltrated with pCambiaTunos/6KmCherry (Cotton et al. 2009 J. Virol. 83:10460-71). Images were taken every 3 seconds for 15 minutes. Movie is shown at 10 fps. Scale bar = 10 µM. Download movie file (MOV)
Supplemental Movie 2: Movement of 6KmCherry-tagged TuMV-induced vesicles (same movie as above) superimposed with GFP-labeled ER in N. benthamiana leaf epidermal cells agroinfiltrated with pCambiaTunos/6KmCherry and pGreenER-GFP (Beauchemin et al. 2007 J. Virol. 81: 775-82). Images were taken every 3 seconds for 15 minutes. Movie is shown at 10 fps. Scale bar = 10 µM. Download movie file (MOV)