Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering - Volume 2, 2000
Volume 2, 2000
- Preface
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- Review Articles
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Pierre M. Galletti: A Personal Reflection
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 1–7More Less▪ Abstract Pierre Galletti, my friend and colleague, passed away on March 8, 1997, having left his mark on the emerging field of biomedical engineering. He was a pioneering researcher, making his impact in such fields as heart-lung bypass, artificial organs, and tissue engineering. He was a dedicated teacher and a mentor to many. He not only provided leadership in the establishment of the medical school at B Read More
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Physicochemical Foundations and Structural Design of Hydrogels in Medicine and Biology
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 9–29More Less▪ Abstract Hydrogels are cross-linked hydrophilic polymers that can imbibe water or biological fluids. Their biomedical and pharmaceutical applications include a very wide range of systems and processes that utilize several molecular design characteristics. This review discusses the molecular structure, dynamic behavior, and structural modifications of hydrogels as well as the various applications of these biohydroge Read More
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Bioengineering Models of Cell Signaling
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 31–53More Less▪ Abstract Strategies for rationally manipulating cell behavior in cell-based technologies and molecular therapeutics and understanding effects of environmental agents on physiological systems may be derived from a mechanistic understanding of underlying signaling mechanisms that regulate cell functions. Three crucial attributes of signal transduction necessitate modeling approaches for analyzing these systems: an Read More
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Fundamentals of Impact Biomechanics: Part I - Biomechanics of the Head, Neck, and Thorax
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 55–81More Less▪ Abstract This is the first of two chapters dealing with some 60 years of accumulated knowledge in the field of impact biomechanics. The regions covered in this first chapter are the head, neck, and thorax. The next chapter will discuss the abdomen, pelvis, and the lower extremities. Although the principal thrust of the research has been toward the mitigation of injuries sustained by automotive crash victims, the results of this r Read More
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Injury and Repair of Ligaments and Tendons
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 83–118More Less▪ Abstract In this chapter, biomechanical methods used to analyze healing and repair of ligaments and tendons are initially described such that the tensile properties of these soft tissues as well as their contribution to joint motion can be determined. The focus then turns to the important mechanical and biological factors that improve the healing process of ligaments. The biomechanics of surgical reconstruction of the ant Read More
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Electrophysiological Modeling of Cardiac Ventricular Function: From Cell to Organ
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 119–155More Less▪ Abstract Three topics of importance to modeling the integrative function of the heart are reviewed. The first is modeling of the ventricular myocyte. Emphasis is placed on excitation-contraction coupling and intracellular Ca2+ handling, and the interpretation of experimental data regarding interval-force relationships. Second, data on use of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance (DTMR) imaging for measuring the a Read More
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Cryosurgery
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 157–187More Less▪ Abstract Cryosurgery is a surgical technique that employs freezing to destroy undesirable tissue. Developed first in the middle of the nineteenth century it has recently incorporated new imaging technologies and is a fast growing minimally invasive surgical technique. A historical review of the field of cryosurgery is presented, showing how technological advances have affected the development of the field. This is followed by a Read More
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Cell Mechanics: Mechanical Response, Cell Adhesion, and Molecular Deformation
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 189–226More Less▪ Abstract As the basic unit of life, the cell is a biologically complex system, the understanding of which requires a combination of various approaches including biomechanics. With recent progress in cell and molecular biology, the field of cell mechanics has grown rapidly over the last few years. This review synthesizes some of these recent developments to foster new concepts and approaches, and it emphasizes mole Read More
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Microengineering of Cellular Interactions
Albert Folch, and Mehmet TonerVol. 2 (2000), pp. 227–256More Less▪ Abstract Tissue function is modulated by an intricate architecture of cells and biomolecules on a micrometer scale. Until now, in vitro cellular interactions were mainly studied by random seeding over homogeneous substrates. Although this strategy has led to important discoveries, it is clearly a nonoptimal analog of the in vivo scenario. With the incorporation—and adaptation—of microfabrication technology into biology, Read More
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Quantitative Measurement and Prediction of Biophysical Response During Freezing in Tissues
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 257–288More Less▪ Abstract Cryopreservation and cryosurgery are important biomedical applications used to selectively preserve or destroy cellular systems through freezing. Studies using cryomicroscopy techniques, which allow the visualization of the freezing process in single cells, have shown that a drop in viability correlates with the extent of two biophysical events during the freezing process: (a) intracellular ice formation and (b) ce Read More
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Microfabricated Microneedles for Gene and Drug Delivery
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 289–313More Less▪ Abstract By incorporating techniques adapted from the microelectronics industry, the field of microfabrication has allowed the creation of microneedles, which have the potential to improve existing biological-laboratory and medical devices and to enable novel devices for gene and drug delivery. Dense arrays of microneedles have been used to deliver DNA into cells. Many cells are treated at once, which is much mo Read More
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Current Methods in Medical Image Segmentation1
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 315–337More Less▪ Abstract Image segmentation plays a crucial role in many medical-imaging applications, by automating or facilitating the delineation of anatomical structures and other regions of interest. We present a critical appraisal of the current status of semiautomated and automated methods for the segmentation of anatomical medical images. Terminology and important issues in image segmentation are first present Read More
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Antibody Engineering
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 339–376More Less▪ Abstract Antibodies are unique in their high affinity and specificity for a binding partner, a quality that has made them one of the most useful molecules for biotechnology and biomedical applications. The field of antibody engineering has changed rapidly in the past 10 years, fueled by novel technologies for the in vitro isolation of antibodies from combinatorial libraries and their functional expression in bacteria. This rev Read More
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New Currents in Electrical Stimulation of Excitable Tissues1
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 377–397More Less▪ Abstract Electric fields can stimulate excitable tissue by a number of mechanisms. A uniform long, straight peripheral axon is activated by the gradient of the electric field that is oriented parallel to the fiber axis. Cortical neurons in the brain are excited when the electric field, which is applied along the axon-dendrite axis, reaches a particular threshold value. Cardiac tissue is thought to be depolarized in a uniform electr Read More
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Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Microscopy
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 399–429More Less▪ Abstract Two-photon fluorescence microscopy is one of the most important recent inventions in biological imaging. This technology enables noninvasive study of biological specimens in three dimensions with submicrometer resolution. Two-photon excitation of fluorophores results from the simultaneous absorption of two photons. This excitation process has a number of unique advantages, such as reduced specimen ph Read More
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Imaging Three-Dimensional Cardiac Function
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 431–456More Less▪ Abstract The three-dimensional (3-D) nature of myocardial deformations is dependent on ventricular geometry, muscle fiber architecture, wall stresses, and myocardial-material properties. The imaging modalities of X-ray angiography, echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) are described in the context of visualizing and quantifying cardiac mechanical function. The qu Read More
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Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 457–475More Less▪ Abstract Two-dimensional viewing of three-dimensional anatomy by conventional ultrasound limits our ability to quantify and visualize a number of diseases and is partly responsible for the reported variability in diagnosis. Over the past two decades, many investigators have addressed this limitation by developing three-dimensional imaging techniques, including three-dimensional ultrasound imaging. In this paper we describ Read More
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Biophysical Injury Mechanisms in Electrical Shock Trauma
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 477–509More Less▪ Abstract Electrical shock trauma tends to produce a very complex pattern of injury, mainly because of the multiple modes of frequency-dependent tissue-field interactions. Historically, Joule heating was thought to be the only cause of electrical injuries to tissue by commercial-frequency electrical shocks. In the last 15 years, biomedical engineering research has improved the understanding of the underlying bio Read More
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Wavelets in Temporal and Spatial Processing of Biomedical Images
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 511–550More Less▪ Abstract We review some of the most recent advances in the area of wavelet applications in medical imaging. We first review key concepts in the processing of medical images with wavelet transforms and multiscale analysis, including time-frequency tiling, overcomplete representations, higher dimensional bases, symmetry, boundary effects, translational invariance, orientation selectivity, and best-basis selection. We next Read More
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Microdevices in Medicine1
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 551–576More Less▪ Abstract The application of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to medicine is described. Three types of biomedical devices are considered, including diagnostic microsystems, surgical microsystems, and therapeutic microsystems. The opportunities of MEMS miniaturization in these emerging disciplines are considered, with emphasis placed on the importance of the technology in providing a better outcome for Read More
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Neuroengineering Models of Brain Disease
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 577–606More Less▪ Abstract The techniques of computational simulation have begun to be applied to modeling neurological disease and mental illness. Such neuroengineering models provide a conceptual bridge between molecular/cellular pathology and cognitive performance. We consider models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. Each of these diseases involves a disorder of neuromodulation coupled with Read More
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Extracorporeal Tissue Engineered Liver-Assist Devices
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 607–632More Less▪ Abstract The treatment of acute liver failure has evolved to the current concept of hybrid bioartificial liver (BAL) support, because wholly artificial systems have not proved efficacious. BAL devices are still in their infancy. The properties that these devices must possess are unclear because of our lack of understanding of the pathophysiology of liver failure. The considerations that attend the development of BAL devi Read More
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Magnetic Resonance Studies of Brain Function and Neurochemistry
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 633–660More Less▪ Abstract In the short time since its introduction, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has rapidly evolved to become an indispensable tool for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. Recently, this methodology has been successfully used for the acquisition of functional, physiological, and biochemical information in intact systems, particularly in the human body. The ability to map areas of altered neuronal activity in th Read More
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Interventional and Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging1
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 661–690More Less▪ Abstract The goal of the Image Guided Therapy Program, as the name implies, is to develop the use of imaging to guide minimally invasive therapy. The program combines interventional and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with high-performance computing and novel therapeutic devices. In clinical practice the multidisciplinary program provides for the investigation of a wide range of interventional and Read More
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Cartilage Tissue Remodeling in Response to Mechanical Forces
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 691–713More Less▪ Abstract Recent studies suggest that there are multiple regulatory pathways by which chondrocytes in articular cartilage sense and respond to mechanical stimuli, including upstream signaling pathways and mechanisms that may lead to direct changes at the level of transcription, translation, post-translational modifications, and cell-mediated extracellular assembly and degradation of the tissue matrix. This review f Read More
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In Vivo Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Vol. 2 (2000), pp. 715–754More Less▪ Abstract Interrogation of tissue with light offers the potential for noninvasive chemical measurement, and penetration with near-infrared wavelengths (750–1000 nm) is greater than with visible light. Specific absorption by clinically relevant compounds such as oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin and the intracellular respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase enable in vivo measurement of these to be performed s Read More
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 26 (2024)
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Volume 25 (2023)
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Volume 24 (2022)
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Volume 23 (2021)
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Volume 22 (2020)
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Volume 21 (2019)
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Volume 20 (2018)
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Volume 19 (2017)
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Volume 18 (2016)
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Volume 17 (2015)
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Volume 16 (2014)
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Volume 15 (2013)
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Volume 14 (2012)
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Volume 13 (2011)
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Volume 12 (2010)
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Volume 11 (2009)
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Volume 10 (2008)
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Volume 9 (2007)
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Volume 8 (2006)
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Volume 7 (2005)
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Volume 6 (2004)
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Volume 5 (2003)
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Volume 4 (2002)
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Volume 3 (2001)
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Volume 2 (2000)
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Volume 1 (1999)
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Volume 0 (1932)