- Home
- A-Z Publications
- Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
- Previous Issues
- Volume 40, 2009
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics - Volume 40, 2009
Volume 40, 2009
-
-
Associational Resistance and Associational Susceptibility: Having Right or Wrong Neighbors
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 1–20More LessSpecific plant associations may decrease (associational resistance, AR) or increase (associational susceptibility, AS) the likelihood of detection by, and/or vulnerability to, herbivores. We discuss presumed mechanisms leading to AR and AS, suggest others, and conduct meta-analyses on plant and herbivore traits affecting AR and AS, and the effects of habitat. Specific plant associations determine the likelihood of detection and/ Read More
-
-
-
The Importance of Ecological and Phylogenetic Conditions for the Occurrence and Frequency of Sexual Cannibalism
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 21–39More LessSexual cannibalism, the consumption of the male by the female before, during, or after mating, can be a striking example of sexual conflict with potentially large fitness consequences for males and females. In this review, we examine how ecological and phylogenetic factors may affect the occurrence and frequency of sexual cannibalism within and among species. Ecological factors such as food and mate availability may pr Read More
-
-
-
Abundant Genetic Variation + Strong Selection = Multivariate Genetic Constraints: A Geometric View of Adaptation
Bruce Walsh, and Mark W. BlowsVol. 40 (2009), pp. 41–59More LessEvolutionary biology has struggled to explain the coexistence of two basic observations: Genetic variation is found in almost all traits in the presence of strong natural and sexual selection in natural populations. These two observations are in direct conflict as such selection should deplete genetic variation. Furthermore, the presence of genetic variation in a trait, and selection acting on that trait, is often not sufficie Read More
-
-
-
Responses of Humid Tropical Trees to Rising CO2
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 61–79More LessAlthough no mature tropical tree had ever been exposed to an experimentally CO2-enriched atmosphere, evidence from works with seedlings and saplings, theory, models, and proxy data suggest effects on biodiversity and enhanced forest dynamics. Tropical forest carbon stocking is unlikely to increase, given that carbon pool size is driven by tree and patch demography, with tree longevity unlikely to increase. Unlike epiphytes, t Read More
-
-
-
The Role of Propagule Pressure in Biological Invasions
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 81–102More LessAlthough most studies of factors contributing to successful establishment and spread of non-native species have focused on species traits and characteristics (both biotic and abiotic), increasing empirical and statistical evidence implicates propagule pressure—propagule sizes, propagule numbers, and temporal and spatial patterns of propagule arrival—as important in both facets of invasion. Increasing propagule size enh Read More
-
-
-
Nongenetic Inheritance and Its Evolutionary Implications
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 103–125More LessModern evolutionary biology is founded on the Mendelian-genetic model of inheritance, but it is now clear that this model is incomplete. Empirical evidence shows that environment (encompassing all external influences on the genome) can impose transgenerational effects and generate heritable variation for a broad array of traits in animals, plants, and other organisms. Such effects can be mediated by the transmission Read More
-
-
-
The Ecology and Evolution of Microbes that Manipulate Host Reproduction
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 127–149More LessInherited microorganisms that manipulate the reproduction of their host are a common feature in arthropod biology. Although research initially concentrated on why these manipulations were observed, more recent study has emphasized the profound effects they may have on the ecology and evolution of their host. We review the natural history and evolutionary ecology of inherited reproductive parasites, before examinin Read More
-
-
-
Spontaneous Mutation Accumulation Studies in Evolutionary Genetics
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 151–172More LessMutation accumulation (MA) experiments, in which mutations are allowed to drift to fixation in inbred lines, have been a principal way of studying the rates and properties of new spontaneous mutations. Phenotypic assays of MA lines inform us about the nature of new mutational variation for quantitative traits and provide estimates of the genomic rate and the distribution of effects of new mutations. Parameter estimates com Read More
-
-
-
Geologic and Biologic Controls on the Evolution of Reefs
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 173–192More LessThe shallow, tropical reef environment differs from other marine environments in its more intense competition for space, more limited nutrient concentrations, proliferation of clonal animals, and greater habitat complexity. The evolutionary consequences of these ecologic peculiarities are still poorly understood, but they seem to cause greater turnover rates of reef taxa than nonreef taxa and an especially volatile record of Read More
-
-
-
Molecular Estimation of Dispersal for Ecology and Population Genetics
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 193–216More LessThe dispersal process, by which individuals or other dispersing agents such as gametes or seeds move from birthplace to a new settlement locality, has important consequences for the dynamics of genes, individuals, and species. Many of the questions addressed by ecology and evolutionary biology require a good understanding of species’ dispersal patterns. Much effort has thus been devoted to overcoming the difficulties as Read More
-
-
-
Flower Evolution: The Origin and Subsequent Diversification of the Angiosperm Flower
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 217–243More LessDevelopmental genetic pathways involved in flower formation in model plants such as Arabidopsis and maize enable us to identify genes, gene families, and gene networks that are involved in the regulation of flower initiation, growth and differentiation. These genes can then function as “candidate genes” and their expression, function, and biochemical interactions can be explored in other lineages to determine if they pr Read More
-
-
-
Is There a Latitudinal Gradient in the Importance of Biotic Interactions?
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 245–269More LessBiotic interactions are believed to play a role in the origin and maintenance of species diversity, and multiple hypotheses link the latitudinal diversity gradient to a presumed gradient in the importance of biotic interactions. Here we address whether biotic interactions are more important at low latitudes, finding support for this hypothesis from a wide range of interactions. Some of the best-supported examples are higher herbivo Read More
-
-
-
Evolution of Placentas in the Fish Family Poeciliidae: An Empirical Study of Macroevolution
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 271–289More LessThe placenta is a complex organ that mediates all physiological and endocrine interactions between mother and developing embryos. Placentas have evolved throughout the animal kingdom, but little is known about how or why the placenta evolved. We review hypotheses about the evolution of placentation and examine empirical evidence in support for these hypotheses by drawing on insights from the fish family Poeciliidae. Read More
-
-
-
Gene Flow and Isolation among Populations of Marine Animals
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 291–310More LessSuccessful dispersal between populations leaves a genetic wake that can reveal historical and contemporary patterns of connectivity. Genetic studies of differentiation in the sea suggest the role of larval dispersal is often tempered by adult ecology, that changes in differentiation with geographic distance are limited by disequilibrium between drift and migration, and that phylogeographic breaks reflect shared barriers t Read More
-
-
-
Latex: A Model for Understanding Mechanisms, Ecology, and Evolution of Plant Defense Against Herbivory
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 311–331More LessLatex is a sticky emulsion that exudes upon damage from specialized canals in about 10% of flowering plant species. Latex has no known primary metabolic function and has been strongly implicated in defense against herbivorous insects. Here we review historical hypotheses about the function of latex, evidence that it serves as a potent defense, and the chemistry and mode of action of the major constituent defense ch Read More
-
-
-
What Salamanders Have Taught Us About Evolution
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 333–352More LessTaxon-based research in evolution permits the development of a multidimensional approach, illustrated here with lessons learned from research on salamanders. The clade is widespread and diverse, yet sufficiently small that one can keep all of the species in mind. This facilitates research from diverse perspectives: systematics and phylogenetics, morphology, development, ecology, neurobiology, behavior, and physiology. Differ Read More
-
-
-
The Evolutionary Genetics of Emerging Viruses
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 353–372More LessRNA viruses are the main agents of emerging disease. To understand how RNA viruses are able to jump species boundaries and spread in new hosts it is essential to determine the basic processes of evolutionary change in these infectious agents. RNA virus evolution is largely shaped by very high rates of mutation. This, coupled with potentially enormous intra- and interhost population sizes and continual replication, allow Read More
-
-
-
Belowground Herbivory and Plant Defenses
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 373–391More LessBelowground-feeding herbivores may be very destructive to plants. Roots are known to produce various defense compounds to protect themselves against these herbivores, both with direct and indirect—inducible—defense compounds. Recent literature reviews reveal no overall pattern for root-shoot defense allocation. Optimal defense allocation patterns within roots may be predicted with an ecophysiological model taking into a Read More
-
-
-
The Causes and Consequences of Compensatory Dynamics in Ecological Communities
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 393–414More LessEcological communities are constantly responding to environmental change. Theory and evidence suggest that the loss or decline of stress-intolerant species can be compensated for by the growth of other species. Compensatory dynamics are a long-term feature of community dynamics across a broad range of models, and they can have strong stabilizing effects at the community level. Coexistence theory indic Read More
-
-
-
Evolution and Ecology of Species Range Limits
Vol. 40 (2009), pp. 415–436More LessSpecies range limits involve many aspects of evolution and ecology, from species distribution and abundance to the evolution of niches. Theory suggests myriad processes by which range limits arise, including competitive exclusion, Allee effects, and gene swamping; however, most models remain empirically untested. Range limits are correlated with a number of abiotic and biotic factors, but further experimentation is need Read More
-
Previous Volumes
-
Volume 55 (2024)
-
Volume 54 (2023)
-
Volume 53 (2022)
-
Volume 52 (2021)
-
Volume 51 (2020)
-
Volume 50 (2019)
-
Volume 49 (2018)
-
Volume 48 (2017)
-
Volume 47 (2016)
-
Volume 46 (2015)
-
Volume 45 (2014)
-
Volume 44 (2013)
-
Volume 43 (2012)
-
Volume 42 (2011)
-
Volume 41 (2010)
-
Volume 40 (2009)
-
Volume 39 (2008)
-
Volume 38 (2007)
-
Volume 37 (2006)
-
Volume 36 (2005)
-
Volume 35 (2004)
-
Volume 34 (2003)
-
Volume 33 (2002)
-
Volume 32 (2001)
-
Volume 31 (2000)
-
Volume 30 (1999)
-
Volume 29 (1998)
-
Volume 28 (1997)
-
Volume 27 (1996)
-
Volume 26 (1995)
-
Volume 25 (1994)
-
Volume 24 (1993)
-
Volume 23 (1992)
-
Volume 22 (1991)
-
Volume 21 (1990)
-
Volume 20 (1989)
-
Volume 19 (1988)
-
Volume 18 (1987)
-
Volume 17 (1986)
-
Volume 16 (1985)
-
Volume 15 (1984)
-
Volume 14 (1983)
-
Volume 13 (1982)
-
Volume 12 (1981)
-
Volume 11 (1980)
-
Volume 10 (1979)
-
Volume 9 (1978)
-
Volume 8 (1977)
-
Volume 7 (1976)
-
Volume 6 (1975)
-
Volume 5 (1974)
-
Volume 4 (1973)
-
Volume 3 (1972)
-
Volume 2 (1971)
-
Volume 1 (1970)
-
Volume 0 (1932)