Annual Review of Environment and Resources - Volume 23, 1998
Volume 23, 1998
- Preface
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- Review Articles
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From Physics to Development Strategies
Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 1–23More LessThe evolution of my career from purely academic research in experimental nuclear physics to science, followed by involvement in public affairs and administration, is described. Highlights in this trajectory are my involvement with the efforts to improve support for science activities and the protection of human rights of scientists in Brazil during the period of military government (1964–1984). The future Read More
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Rewards and Penalties of Monitoring the Earth
Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 25–82More LessWhen I began my professional career, the pursuit of science was in a transition from a pursuit by individuals motivated by personal curiosity to a worldwide enterprise with powerful strategic and materialistic purposes. The studies of the Earth's environment that I have engaged in for over forty years, and describe in this essay, could not have been realized by the old kind of science. Associated with the new kind of science, Read More
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SCIENCE AND NONSCIENCE CONCERNING HUMAN-CAUSED CLIMATE WARMINGfn1
Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 83–105More Less▪ Abstract The human-caused global warming problem is now the focus of intense international attention in many sectors of society. As we learn more about the science of the problem, the sense of controversy about the state of the science has actually increased, sharply so over the past decade. This essay highlights the fundamental aspects of the science underlying global warming. The vital roles of climate models and o Read More
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CONSUMPTION OF MATERIALS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–19951
Grecia Matos, and Lorie WagnerVol. 23 (1998), pp. 107–122More Less▪ Abstract The flows of nonfood and nonfuel materials through the economy have significant impact on our lives and the world around us. Growing populations and economies demand more goods, services, and infrastructure. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the types of materials consumed in the United States have significantly changed. In 1900, on a per-weight basis, almost half of the materials consum Read More
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FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY-EFFICIENT IRON AND STEEL MAKING
Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 123–205More Less▪ Abstract Techniques for the reduction of the specific energy consumption for iron and steel making are identified and characterized to assess the potential for future energy-efficiency improvement and research and development priorities. Worldwide average specific energy consumption for steel making is estimated to be 24 GJ/tonne. The most energy-efficient process requires 19 GJ/tonne for primary steel and 7 GJ/tonne Read More
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THE O2 BALANCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE: A Tool for Studying the Fate of Fossil-Fuel CO2
Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 207–223More Less▪ Abstract Carbon dioxide is a radiatively active gas whose atmospheric concentration increase is likely to affect Earth's climate. CO2 is added to the atmosphere by biomass burning and the combustion of fossil fuels. Some added CO2 remains in the atmosphere. However, substantial amounts are taken up by the oceans and land biosphere, attenuating the atmospheric increase. Atmospheric O2 measurements provide Read More
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MEXICAN ELECTRIC END-USE EFFICIENCY: Experiences to Date
Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 225–252More Less▪ Abstract Mexican government energy-efficiency programs since 1989 are reviewed to provide guidelines for other developing countries. Energy-efficiency efforts must be multifaceted, flexible, and emphasize evaluation to allow learning-while-doing. Including the private sector incorporates their marketing expertise and accelerates a mature energy-efficiency market. Foreigners provide support and ideas, and serve as cataly Read More
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DRINKING WATER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 253–286More Less▪ Abstract Safe drinking water remains inaccessible for about 1.1 billion people in the world, and the hourly toll from biological contamination of drinking water is 400 deaths of children (below age 5). This paper reviews the general guidelines for drinking water quality and the scale of the global problem. It reviews the various water disinfection technologies that may be applicable to achieve the desired quality of drinking w Read More
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ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC STUDIES OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS: Opportunities and Challengesfn1
Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 287–385More Less▪ Abstract This paper compares the results of four recent engineering-economic studies of the potential for energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The review includes a sector-by-sector assessment of specific technology opportunities and their costs, as estimated by (a) five National Laboratories, (b) the Tellus Institute, (c) the National Academy of Sciences, and (d) the Office of Technology Assessment. Read More
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CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION IN THE ENERGY AND FORESTRY SECTORS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIESfn1
Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 387–437More Less▪ Abstract The continued accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is expected to severely impact the earth's natural resources and agriculture. Greenhouse gas emissions from the developing world are rising faster than those from other countries, and many studies have noted that it would not be possible to stabilize climate change without reducing the growth of these emissions. Can this be achieved without aff Read More
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TOWARD A PRODUCTIVE DIVORCE: Separating DOE Cleanups from Transition Assistance
Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 439–463More Less▪ Abstract Cleanup of legacy waste and transition of US Department of Energy site communities to sustainable economic vitality have been melded inappropriately in one program. The results have been cleanup that costs far more and takes far longer than is necessary, and transition assistance that is ineffectual in meeting host communities' goals. Attempts at reform have largely failed because administrative and ope Read More
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RECYCLING METALS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 465–497More Less▪ Abstract Society uses metals derived from primary and secondary sources. Secondary sources include all metals that have entered the economy but no longer serve their initial purpose. The environmental benefits of increasing reliance on secondary metal production include conserving energy, landscapes, and natural resources, and reducing toxic and nontoxic waste streams. A variety of technologies are us Read More
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ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSCIOUS CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN
Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 499–536More Less▪ Abstract The environment has emerged as an important determinant of the performance of the modern chemical industry. This paper reviews approaches for incorporating environmental issues into the design of new processes and manufacturing facilities. The organizational framework is the design process itself, which includes framing the problem and generating, analyzing, and evaluating alternatives. A historical perspe Read More
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 49 (2024)
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Volume 48 (2023)
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Volume 47 (2022)
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Volume 46 (2021)
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Volume 45 (2020)
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Volume 44 (2019)
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Volume 43 (2018)
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Volume 42 (2017)
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Volume 41 (2016)
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Volume 40 (2015)
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Volume 39 (2014)
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Volume 38 (2013)
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Volume 37 (2012)
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Volume 36 (2011)
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Volume 35 (2010)
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Volume 34 (2009)
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Volume 33 (2008)
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Volume 32 (2007)
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Volume 31 (2006)
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Volume 30 (2005)
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Volume 29 (2004)
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Volume 28 (2003)
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Volume 27 (2002)
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Volume 26 (2001)
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Volume 25 (2000)
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Volume 24 (1999)
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Volume 23 (1998)
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Volume 22 (1997)
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Volume 21 (1996)
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Volume 20 (1995)
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Volume 19 (1994)
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Volume 18 (1993)
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Volume 17 (1992)
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Volume 16 (1991)
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Volume 15 (1990)
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Volume 14 (1989)
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Volume 13 (1988)
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Volume 12 (1987)
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Volume 11 (1986)
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Volume 10 (1985)
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Volume 9 (1984)
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Volume 8 (1983)
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Volume 7 (1982)
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Volume 6 (1981)
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Volume 5 (1980)
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Volume 4 (1979)
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Volume 3 (1978)
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Volume 2 (1977)
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Volume 1 (1976)
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Volume 0 (1932)