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- Volume 65, 2014
Annual Review of Medicine - Volume 65, 2014
Volume 65, 2014
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Adult Genetic Risk Screening
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 1–17More LessRecent advances in genetic analysis especially DNA sequencing technology open a new strategy for adult disease prevention by genetic screening. Physicians presently treat disease pathology with less emphasis on disease risk prevention/reduction. Genetic screening has reduced the incidence of untreatable childhood genetic diseases and improved the care of newborns. The opportunity exists to expand screening programs an Read More
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Identification of Genes for Childhood Heritable Diseases
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 19–31More LessGenes causing rare heritable childhood diseases are being discovered at an accelerating pace driven by the decreasing cost and increasing accessibility of next-generation DNA sequencing combined with the maturation of strategies for successful gene identification. The findings are shedding light on the biological mechanisms of childhood disease and broadening the phenotypic spectrum of many clinical syndromes. Read More
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Genomic Sequencing for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 33–48More LessFor a decade, the technologies behind DNA sequencing have improved rapidly in cost reduction and speed. Sequencing in large populations of cancer patients is leading to dramatic advances in our understanding of the cancer genome. The wide variety of cancer types sequenced and analyzed using these technologies has revealed many novel fundamental genetic mechanisms driving cancer initiation, progression, and Read More
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Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: MicroRNAs, Proteases, Genetic Associations
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 49–62More LessAbdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease is a common, morbid, and highly lethal pathology. Extraordinary efforts have been launched to determine the molecular and pathophysiological characteristics of AAAs. Although surgery is highly effective in preventing death by rupture for larger AAAs, no guidance or preventive therapy is currently available for the >90% of patients whose aneurysms are below the surgical Read More
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DNA Sequencing of Cancer: What Have We Learned?
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 63–79More LessDNA sequencing has taught us much about the structure of cancer genomes and enabled the discovery of novel genes that drive and maintain tumorigenesis. With the advent and application of next-generation massively parallel sequencing technologies, one can rapidly generate and analyze data from the cellular “-omes”: genomes, exomes, and transcriptomes. This review highlights recent genomic discoveries in sig Read More
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Applied Pharmacogenomics in Cardiovascular Medicine
Peter Weeke, and Dan M. RodenVol. 65 (2014), pp. 81–94More LessInterindividual heterogeneity in drug response is a central feature of all drug therapies. Studies in individual patients, families, and populations over the past several decades have identified variants in genes encoding drug elimination or drug target pathways that in some cases contribute substantially to variable efficacy and toxicity. Important associations of pharmacogenomics in cardiovascular medicine include clopidogr Read More
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Molecular Testing in Breast Cancer
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 95–110More LessTumor biomarker tests are critical to implementation of personalized medicine for patients at risk for or affected by breast cancer. A tumor biomarker test must have high analytical validity and clinical utility to be used to guide clinical care in standard practice. Few tumor biomarkers meet these high standards. These include germline DNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the BRCA1 and -2 genes to determine high Read More
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Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 111–123More LessLarge prospective randomized trials, such as the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) trial, and Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT), have provided practitioners with considerable data regarding methods of treatment and prevention of prostate cancer. The best-studied medications for prevention are 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors. Read More
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Thyroid Cancer
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 125–137More LessThyroid cancer is rapidly increasing in incidence, but the mortality rate remains flat. Debate has arisen over the need to detect or treat most thyroid cancers early, given their favorable natural history. The appropriate extent of surgery for thyroid cancer is also controversial: some researchers advocate partial and others total thyroidectomy; some advocate prophylactic central cervical lymph node dissection, where Read More
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Targeting Apoptosis Pathways for New Cancer Therapeutics
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 139–155More LessThe past decade has witnessed tremendous advances in the discovery and development of novel small-molecule inhibitors targeting apoptosis pathways for cancer treatment, with some compounds now in clinical development. Early promising clinical data have been reported with these new classes of anticancer drugs. This review highlights the recent advancements in the development of small-molecule inhibitors targeti Read More
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Targeting Metabolic Changes in Cancer: Novel Therapeutic Approaches
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 157–170More LessTherapeutic strategies designed to target cancer metabolism are an area of intense research. Antimetabolites, first used to treat patients in the early twentieth century, served as an early proof of concept for such therapies. We highlight strategies that attempt to improve on the anti-metabolite approach as well as new metabolic drug targets. Some of these targets have the advantage of a strong genetic anchor to dri Read More
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Retinoblastoma: Saving Life with Vision
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 171–184More LessRetinoblastoma has gone from >95% mortality to >95% survival in the past 100 years. Once enucleation techniques were perfected, the majority of children survived, but without the eye (or vision in that eye). Over the past 100 years, progressively better techniques have been developed for salvaging vision without sacrificing patient survival. Presently, 99% of children treated at our center survive their cancer, >99% retain at Read More
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Immune Modulation in Cancer with Antibodies
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 185–202More LessIpilimumab is the prototypical immunomodulatory antibody, approved by the FDA in 2011 for advanced melanoma on the basis of survival benefit. Since that time, we have made significant strides in optimizing this therapy: we have characterized the spectrum of immune-related adverse events and learned how to mitigate them with treatment algorithms, discovered potential biomarkers of activity, and identified the potential sy Read More
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Depression as a Risk Factor for Cancer: From Pathophysiological Advances to Treatment Implications
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 203–221More LessInnate immune activation and inflammation have been posited to play a role in the pathophysiology of both depression and neoplastic growth. Cancer patients experience a threefold higher rate of depression than the general population within the first five years of diagnosis. Chronic depression is associated with increased cancer risk and shortened survival. Although the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms of t Read More
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IL-1 Blockade in Autoinflammatory Syndromes1
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 223–244More LessMonogenic autoinflammatory syndromes present with excessive systemic inflammation including fever, rashes, arthritis, and organ-specific inflammation and are caused by defects in single genes encoding proteins that regulate innate inflammatory pathways. Pathogenic variants in two interleukin-1 (IL-1)–regulating genes, NLRP3 and IL1RN, cause two severe and early-onset autoinflammatory syndromes, CAPS (cryopyri Read More
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α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists for Cognitive Enhancement in Schizophrenia
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 245–261More Lessα7-Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neurocognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia that are often resistant to existing antipsychotic drugs. Molecular evidence for involvement in schizophrenia of CHRNA7, the gene for the receptor subunit, in the neurobiology of deficits in attention is a critical rationale for the clinical study of α7-nicotinic receptor agonis Read More
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Anti–B Cell Antibody Therapies for Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 263–278More LessSeveral monoclonal antibodies targeting B cells have been tested as therapeutics for inflammatory rheumatic diseases. We review important observations from randomized clinical trials regarding the efficacy and safety of anti–B cell antibody-based therapies for rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, and primary Sjö Read More
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Nuclear Receptor Coactivators: Master Regulators of Human Health and Disease
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 279–292More LessTranscriptional coregulators (coactivators and corepressors) have emerged as the principal modulators of the functions of nuclear receptors and other transcription factors. During the decade since the discovery of steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1), the first authentic coregulator, more than 400 coregulators have been identified and characterized, and deciphering their function has contributed significantly to our unders Read More
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Male Circumcision: A Globally Relevant but Under-Utilized Method for the Prevention of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 293–306More LessRandomized trials have demonstrated that male circumcision (MC) reduces heterosexual acquisition of HIV, herpes simplex virus type 2, human papillomavirus (HPV), and genital ulcer disease among men, and it reduces HPV, genital ulcer disease, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis among female partners. The pathophysiology behind these effects is multifactorial, relying on anatomic and cellular changes. MC is cost Read More
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New Frontiers in Patient-Reported Outcomes: Adverse Event Reporting, Comparative Effectiveness, and Quality Assessment
Vol. 65 (2014), pp. 307–317More LessPatient-reported outcomes (PROs) are data elements directly reported by patients or their surrogates about experiences with care, including symptoms, functional status, or quality of life. PROs have commonly been evaluated in clinical trials for drug and medical device development. Interest is growing in the ability to integrate PROs into additional contexts, particularly product safety evaluation, comparative effectiven Read More
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 75 (2024)
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Volume 74 (2023)
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Volume 73 (2022)
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Volume 72 (2021)
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Volume 71 (2020)
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Volume 70 (2019)
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Volume 69 (2018)
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Volume 68 (2017)
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Volume 67 (2016)
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Volume 66 (2015)
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Volume 65 (2014)
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Volume 64 (2013)
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Volume 63 (2012)
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Volume 62 (2011)
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Volume 61 (2010)
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Volume 60 (2009)
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Volume 59 (2008)
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Volume 58 (2007)
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Volume 57 (2006)
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Volume 56 (2005)
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Volume 55 (2004)
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Volume 54 (2003)
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Volume 53 (2002)
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Volume 52 (2001)
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Volume 51 (2000)
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Volume 50 (1999)
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Volume 49 (1998)
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Volume 48 (1997)
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Volume 47 (1996)
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Volume 46 (1995)
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Volume 45 (1994)
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Volume 44 (1993)
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Volume 43 (1992)
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Volume 42 (1991)
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Volume 41 (1990)
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Volume 40 (1989)
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Volume 39 (1988)
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Volume 38 (1987)
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Volume 37 (1986)
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Volume 36 (1985)
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Volume 35 (1984)
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Volume 34 (1983)
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Volume 33 (1982)
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Volume 32 (1981)
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Volume 31 (1980)
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Volume 30 (1979)
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Volume 29 (1978)
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Volume 28 (1977)
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Volume 27 (1976)
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Volume 26 (1975)
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Volume 25 (1974)
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Volume 24 (1973)
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Volume 23 (1972)
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Volume 22 (1971)
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Volume 21 (1970)
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Volume 20 (1969)
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Volume 19 (1968)
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Volume 18 (1967)
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Volume 17 (1966)
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Volume 16 (1965)
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Volume 15 (1964)
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Volume 14 (1963)
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Volume 13 (1962)
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Volume 12 (1961)
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Volume 11 (1960)
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Volume 10 (1959)
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Volume 9 (1958)
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Volume 8 (1957)
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Volume 7 (1956)
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Volume 6 (1955)
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Volume 5 (1954)
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Volume 4 (1953)
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Volume 3 (1952)
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Volume 2 (1951)
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Volume 1 (1950)
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Volume 0 (1932)