Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science - Volume 58, 2008
Volume 58, 2008
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Effective Field Theory and Finite-Density Systems
Vol. 58 (2008), pp. 1–25More LessThis review gives an overview of effective field theory (EFT) as applied at finite density, with a focus on nuclear many-body systems. Uniform systems with short-range interactions illustrate the ingredients and virtues of many-body EFT; we also survey the varied frontiers of EFT for finite nuclei and nuclear matter.
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Nuclear Many-Body Scattering Calculations with the Coulomb Interaction
A. Deltuva, A.C. Fonseca, and P.U. SauerVol. 58 (2008), pp. 27–49More LessRecent progress in the solution of three- and four-particle scattering equations including the Coulomb interaction is reviewed. The method of screening and renormalization in the framework of momentum-space integral equations is used and its reliability demonstrated. We also review results for observables in three- and four-nucleon scattering as well as applications to nuclear reactions that display three-body degrees of freedom.
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The Exotic XYZ Charmonium-Like Mesons
Vol. 58 (2008), pp. 51–73More LessCharmonium, the spectroscopy of mesons, has recently enjoyed a renaissance with the discovery of several missing states and numerous unexpected charmonium-like resonances. These discoveries were made possible by the extremely large data samples made available by the B factories at SLAC and KEK, as well as CESR. Conventional states are well described by quark potential models; however, many of the newly discovered charmonium-like mesons do not seem to fit into the conventional spectrum. There is growing evidence that at least some of these new states are exotic, e.g., new forms of hadronic matter such as mesonic molecules, tetraquarks, and/or hybrid mesons. In this review we describe expectations for the properties of conventional charmonium states and the predictions for molecules, tetraquarks, and hybrids and the various processes that produce them. We examine the evidence for the new candidate exotic mesons, possible explanations, and experimental measurements that might reveal the nature of these states.
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Nonstandard Higgs Boson Decays
Vol. 58 (2008), pp. 75–98More LessThis review summarizes the motivations for and the phenomenological consequences of nonstandard Higgs boson decays, with an emphasis on final states containing a pair of non–standard model particles that subsequently decay to standard model particles. Typically these non–standard model particles form part of a “hidden” sector, for example a pair of neutral Higgs bosons or a pair of unstable neutralinos. We emphasize that such decays allow for a Higgs substantially below the standard model Higgs Large Electron-Positron Collider limit of 114 GeV. A Higgs with standard model WW, ZZ, and top couplings and a mass near 100 GeV eliminates the fine-tuning problems of many beyond the standard model theories, in particular supersymmetric models, and leads to excellent consistency with precision electroweak data.
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Weak Gravitational Lensing and Its Cosmological Applications
Vol. 58 (2008), pp. 99–123More LessWeak gravitational lensing is a unique probe of the dark side of the universe: It provides a direct way to map the distribution of dark matter around galaxies and clusters of galaxies as well as on cosmological scales. Furthermore, the measurement of the weak lensing–induced distortions of the shapes of distant galaxies is a potentially powerful probe of dark energy. In this review we discuss how this challenging measurement is made and interpreted. We describe the various systematic effects that can hamper progress and how they may be overcome. We review some of the recent results in weak lensing by galaxies, galaxy clusters, and cosmic shear and discuss the prospects for dark energy measurements from planned surveys.
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Top Quark Properties and Interactions
Vol. 58 (2008), pp. 125–146More LessThis review describes the properties and interactions of the top quark, to date the most massive fundamental particle discovered by experiment. We describe the measurements of the rate of pair production via the strong interaction and the techniques used to elucidate evidence for single production via the electroweak interaction. We also discuss investigations of the properties of the top quark, including potential beyond the standard model production and decay mechanisms. We pay particular attention to the explanation of the recent advances in the precision measurement of the top quark mass.
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Measurement of the W Boson Mass at the Tevatron
Vol. 58 (2008), pp. 147–175More LessOver the past four decades, the standard model of electroweak interactions has achieved tremendous success in describing the experimental data. One of the key observables is the mass MW of the W boson. The experimental measurements, including MW, have reached a level of precision that tests the theory at the quantum loop level, providing indirect constraints on the hypothetical Higgs boson and other new physics. Improved measurements of MW are driven by new data from Run II of the Fermilab Tevatron ( collider at TeV). We discuss the techniques used for measuring MW at hadron colliders, summarize the measurements from Run I of the Tevatron, and review the state of the art of the Run II analyses, which are based on significantly larger data sets collected with upgraded detectors. We discuss the constraints on the Higgs boson, and conclude with a discussion of the ultimate precision in MW that can be expected from Run II.
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Coalescence Models for Hadron Formation from Quark-Gluon Plasma
Vol. 58 (2008), pp. 177–205More LessWe review hadron formation from a deconfined quark-gluon plasma (QGP) via coalescence or recombination of quarks and gluons. We discuss the abundant experimental evidence for coalescence from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and compare the various coalescence models advocated in the literature. We comment on the underlying assumptions and remaining challenges as well as the merits of the models. We conclude with a discussion of some recent developments in the field.
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Experimental Tests of General Relativity
Vol. 58 (2008), pp. 207–248More LessEinstein's general theory of relativity is the standard theory of gravity, especially where the needs of astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology and fundamental physics are concerned. As such, this theory is used for many practical purposes involving spacecraft navigation, geodesy, and time transfer. Here I review the foundations of general relativity, discuss recent progress in the tests of relativistic gravity in the Solar System, and present motivations for the new generation of high-accuracy gravitational experiments. I discuss the advances in our understanding of fundamental physics that are anticipated in the near future and evaluate the discovery potential of the recently proposed gravitational experiments.
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Charm Meson Decays
Vol. 58 (2008), pp. 249–291More LessWe review some recent developments in charm meson physics. In particular, we discuss the theoretical predictions and experimental measurements of charmed meson decays to leptonic, semileptonic, and hadronic final states and the implications of such measurements to searches for new physics. We discuss mixing and CP violation in charm, as well as future experimental prospects and theoretical challenges in this area.
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Strategies for Determining the Nature of Dark Matter
Vol. 58 (2008), pp. 293–314More LessIn this review, we discuss the role of the various experimental programs taking part in the effort to identify the particle nature of dark matter. In particular, we focus on electroweak-scale dark matter particles and discuss a wide range of search strategies that are being developed and utilized to detect them. These efforts include direct detection experiments, which attempt to observe the elastic scattering of dark matter particles with nuclei; indirect detection experiments, which search for photons, antimatter, and neutrinos produced as a result of dark matter annihilations; and collider searches for new teraelectronvolt-scale physics. Each of these techniques could potentially provide a unique and complementary set of information related to the mass, interactions, and distribution of dark matter. Ideally, these many different tools will be used together to conclusively identify the particle or particles that constitute the dark matter of the universe.
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Charged Lepton Flavor Violation Experiments*
Vol. 58 (2008), pp. 315–341More LessWe provide a review of the status of experimental searches for lepton flavor violation involving electrons, muons, and tau leptons. Future experimental programs are discussed and placed in the context of theories beyond the standard model.
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Neutrino Masses and Mixings: Status and Prospects
Vol. 58 (2008), pp. 343–369More LessNeutrino oscillations have been found in experiments observing solar and atmospheric neutrinos. They were confirmed by experiments using neutrinos produced by reactors and accelerators. These observations imply that neutrinos have nonzero masses and that the flavor states are superpositions of mass states through a mixing matrix. Indeed, the observed oscillations have revealed two distinct mass differences and two large mixing angles. In this article we discuss these discoveries, the emerging neutrino standard model, the present knowledge of the neutrino masses and mixing parameters, and the prospects for improving upon this knowledge.
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 73 (2023)
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Volume 72 (2022)
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Volume 71 (2021)
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Volume 70 (2020)
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Volume 69 (2019)
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Volume 68 (2018)
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Volume 67 (2017)
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Volume 66 (2016)
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Volume 65 (2015)
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Volume 64 (2014)
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Volume 63 (2013)
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Volume 62 (2012)
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Volume 61 (2011)
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Volume 60 (2010)
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Volume 59 (2009)
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Volume 58 (2008)
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Volume 57 (2007)
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Volume 56 (2006)
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Volume 55 (2005)
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Volume 54 (2004)
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Volume 53 (2003)
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Volume 52 (2002)
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Volume 51 (2001)
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Volume 50 (2000)
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Volume 49 (1999)
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Volume 48 (1998)
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Volume 47 (1997)
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Volume 46 (1996)
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Volume 45 (1995)
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Volume 44 (1994)
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Volume 43 (1993)
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Volume 42 (1992)
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Volume 41 (1991)
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Volume 40 (1990)
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Volume 39 (1989)
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Volume 38 (1988)
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Volume 37 (1987)
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Volume 36 (1986)
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Volume 35 (1985)
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Volume 34 (1984)
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Volume 33 (1983)
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Volume 32 (1982)
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Volume 31 (1981)
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Volume 30 (1980)
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Volume 29 (1979)
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Volume 28 (1978)
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Volume 27 (1977)
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Volume 26 (1976)
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Volume 25 (1975)
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Volume 24 (1974)
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Volume 23 (1973)
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Volume 22 (1972)
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Volume 21 (1971)
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Volume 20 (1970)
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Volume 19 (1969)
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Volume 18 (1968)
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Volume 17 (1967)
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Volume 16 (1966)
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Volume 15 (1965)
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Volume 14 (1964)
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Volume 13 (1963)
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Volume 12 (1962)
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Volume 11 (1961)
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Volume 10 (1960)
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Volume 9 (1959)
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Volume 8 (1958)
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Volume 7 (1957)
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Volume 6 (1956)
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Volume 5 (1955)
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Volume 4 (1954)
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Volume 3 (1953)
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Volume 2 (1953)
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Volume 1 (1952)
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Volume 0 (1932)